Fig. 2

Workflow of the study. Twelve L2-S1 human spine segments were prepared and tested in the intact condition. Then, a two-level laminectomy was performed at the L4 and L5 levels by an expert neurosurgeon. Finally, an expert spine surgeon performed a posterior fixation on L4-S1 levels with pedicle screws and rods. Each specimen was mechanically tested under the same loading configurations in each condition. Figure published on Figshare (https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25823881).