Fig. 7

Flexion: distribution of the maximum (tensile, ε1, top) and minimum (compressive, ε2, bottom) strains on the anterior and lateral surface of a typical specimen. The picture inside the red square on the far left shows the specimens as viewed by the DIC cameras. The strain maps in the intact condition, after laminectomy, and after posterior fixation are reported. The false-colour maps indicate the magnitude of the measured strains (legend on the far right). Some strain peaks are also visible on the anterior longitudinal ligament in front of some of the vertebrae, but these were not relevant for this study. The alignment of the principal strains is shown by the black tensile arrows (ε1) and by the white ones (ε2). Figure published on Figshare (https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25823899).