Fig. 3

Effect of bioink concentration and printing pressure on 3D printing of lattice structures. (a) Representative optical images of printed constructs using dAM bioinks. (b) Printability (Pr) of lattice structures (The dashed line illustrates the threshold line of Pr equal to 0.9, representing reasonable printability beyond that criterion). (c) The circularity (C) of pores inside the lattice pattern [** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, ns = no significant difference]. (d) Representative illustration of 3D printed planar patterns with different printability and their respective pore geometries.