Fig. 4

Assessment of shape fidelity and structural integrity of dAM bioinks with different concentrations. (a) Representative optical images of the printed constructs (the yellow dash patterns show the borders of the intended original models). (b) The ratio of actual area to theoretical area (RAATA) for the 3D printed shapes. (c) Top-view and side-view images of the printed tubular constructs. (d) The wall thickness of printed tubular constructs. (e) Height of printed tubular constructs [** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, ns = no significant difference].