Table 3 Parameter settings of the models.

From: A novel hybrid model by integrating TCN with TVFEMD and permutation entropy for monthly non-stationary runoff prediction

Model

Parameter

Value

TVFEMD

B-spline order n

50

Bandwidth threshold ζ

0.25

TCN

Kernel size

8

Residual block

2

Filters

64

Learning rate

0.001

Batch size

128

Epochs

500

Activation function

ReLU

Optimizer

Adam

Loss function

RMSE

LSTM

Hidden layers

2

Hidden size

256

Learning rate

0.001

Epochs

500

Optimizer

Adam

Loss function

RMSE

CNN

Convolutional layers

2

Kernel size

3 × 1

Batch size

128

Epochs

500

Activation function

ReLU

Optimizer

Adam

Loss function

RMSE

SVM

c

4.0

Gamma

0.8

PE

Embedded dimension

5

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