Table 4 Comparative evaluation of runoff prediction outcome metrics among different models.

From: A novel hybrid model by integrating TCN with TVFEMD and permutation entropy for monthly non-stationary runoff prediction

Sites	Models	Training set				Testing set
Sites	Models	RMSE	MAE	NSE	R²	RMSE	MAE	NSE	R²
Shangjingyou	LSTM	546.87	229.18	0.30	0.56	114.85	93.76	0.11	0.52
	CNN	407.09	195.62	0.61	0.79	280.84	196.94	-4.34	0.34
	SVM	565.55	194.56	0.26	0.53	97.27	72.98	0.36	0.65
	TCN	566.91	252.97	0.25	0.50	116.69	98.52	0.08	0.59
	EMD-TCN	493.82	283.04	0.43	0.70	81.42	65.17	0.55	0.75
	ICEEMDAN-TCN	372.76	191.38	0.68	0.83	50.90	37.97	0.82	0.92
	TVFEMD-TCN	47.30	32.19	0.995	0.997	10.20	8.18	0.993	0.997
	TVEEMD-PE-LSTM	165.25	99.03	0.94	0.97	25.57	20.10	0.96	0.98
	TVFEMD-PE-CNN	54.28	40.07	0.993	0.997	51.29	42.11	0.82	0.96
	TVFEMD-PE-SVM	58.13	39.96	0.992	0.996	13.67	11.00	0.987	0.995
	TVEEMD-PE-TCN	47.25	32.13	0.995	0.997	9.20	7.42	0.994	0.997
Jinle	LSTM	1995.80	782.38	0.41	0.65	716.46	472.85	0.44	0.73
	CNN	977.30	536.02	0.86	0.93	902.91	609.34	0.11	0.55
	SVM	1975.71	625.65	0.43	0.75	713.10	443.55	0.44	0.75
	TCN	2150.55	885.02	0.32	0.57	696.50	453.51	0.47	0.70
	EMD-TCN	1983.56	1098.12	0.42	0.72	484.05	346.38	0.74	0.88
	ICEEMDAN-TCN	1602.21	840.07	0.62	0.82	348.23	234.16	0.87	0.93
	TVFEMD-TCN	125.83	93.04	0.998	0.999	52.68	41.74	0.997	0.998
	TVEEMD-PE-LSTM	586.53	360.73	0.95	0.98	220.57	173.73	0.95	0.98
	TVFEMD-PE-CNN	204.22	152.24	0.994	0.997	253.10	200.46	0.93	0.98
	TVFEMD-PE-SVM	167.38	120.00	0.996	0.998	83.31	66.96	0.992	0.997
	TVEEMD-PE-TCN	125.54	92.24	0.998	0.999	44.33	33.74	0.998	0.999
Lancun	LSTM	3456.37	1504.57	0.36	0.61	1659.05	1109.75	-0.03	0.28
	CNN	2553.23	1301.26	0.65	0.81	2671.06	1843.21	-1.68	0.29
	SVM	3422.30	1279.24	0.38	0.65	1602.96	991.72	0.04	0.37
	TCN	3578.32	1664.83	0.32	0.56	1572.67	1108.58	0.07	0.37
	EMD-TCN	1640.82	1159.39	0.86	0.93	1583.12	1198.15	0.06	0.64
	ICEEMDAN-TCN	1367.04	931.77	0.90	0.95	1128.44	853.01	0.52	0.77
	TVFEMD-TCN	167.71	119.05	1.00	1.00	127.61	105.75	0.994	0.997
	TVEEMD-PE-LSTM	834.02	535.54	0.96	0.98	368.99	284.39	0.95	0.98
	TVFEMD-PE-CNN	313.02	236.23	0.99	0.998	478.89	379.60	0.91	0.98
	TVFEMD-PE-SVM	260.27	187.49	0.996	0.998	138.42	108.10	0.993	0.996
	TVEEMD-PE-TCN	169.20	120.58	0.998	0.999	106.68	80.12	0.996	0.998

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Table 4 Comparative evaluation of runoff prediction outcome metrics among different models.

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