Table 2 Association of twist (°) with clinical, laboratory and echocardiographic parameters.

From: 3D echocardiography derived reference values and determinants of left ventricular twist and torsion from the population-based STAAB cohort study

 

Regression coefficient (95% CI)

P value of the regression coefficient

P value of sex interaction

Age [per year]*

+ 0.042 (+ 0.018 to + 0.066)

< 0.001

0.825

Sex [female]

+ 1.425 (+ 0.907 to + 1.942)

< 0.001

Sex [female]**

+ 1.486 (+ 0.969 to + 2.003)

< 0.001

Sex [female]***

+ 1.017 (+ 0.284 to + 1.751)

0.007

Height [per cm]

− 0.037 (− 0.011 to − 0.033)

ns

0.754

Body weight [per kg]

− 0.011 (− 0.018 to − 0.067)

ns

0.138

BMI [per kg/m2]

− 0.003 (− 0.073 to + 0.068)

ns

0.143

Syst. BP [per mmHg]

+ 0.020 (+ 0.004 to + 0.037)

0.014

0.750

Diast. BP [per mmHg]

+ 0.029 (+ 0.002 to + 0.056)

0.035

0.103

Resting heart rate [per heartbeat]

+ 0.012 (− 0.017 to + 0.040)

ns

0.453

Creatinine [per mg/dL]

+ 0.472 (− 0.631 to + 1.575)

ns

0.504

eGFR [per mL/min/1.73 m2]

+ 0.003 (− 0.019 to + 0.024)

ns

0.270

Hemoglobin [per g/dL]

+ 0.022 (− 0.252 to + 0.296)

ns

0.768

HbA1c [per 0.1%]

+ 0.006 (− 0.587 to + 0.598)

ns

0.570

HDL cholesterol [per mg/dL]

+ 0.003 (− 0.014 to + 0.019)

ns

0.727

LDL cholesterol [per mg/dL]

+ 0.001 (− 0.007 to + 0.009)

ns

0.513

Triglycerides [per mg/dL]

+ 0.002 (− 0.016 to + 0.065)

ns

0.749

Fasting BG [per mmol/L]

+ 0.125 (− 0.206 to + 0.457)

ns

0.179

LVEF [per %]

+ 0.252 (+ 0.197 to + 0.306)

< 0.001

0.380

LVEDV [per mL]

+ 0.002 (− 0.011 to + 0.016)

ns

0.397

LVEDVi [per mL]

+ 0.016 (− 0.011 to + 0.044)

ns

0.684

LVM [per g]

− 0.005 (− 0.013 to 0.002)

ns

0.364

LVMi [per g]

− 0.008 (− 0.024 to + 0.009)

ns

0.130

LAVi [per ml]

+ 0.015 (− 0.024 to + 0.053)

ns

0.492

Stroke volume [per mL]

+ 0.037 (+ 0.016 to + 0.077)

< 0.001

0.090

Cardiac output [per L/min]

+ 1.000 (+ 0.000 to + 1.000)

< 0.001

0.098

e′ averaged [per cm/s]

+ 7.109 (− 8.290 to + 22.508)

ns

0.786

E/e′ averaged

+ 0.046 (− 0.084 to + 0.177)

ns

0.654

TAPSE [per mm]

 Women

+ 0.186 (+ 0.079 to + 0.294)

< 0.001

0.023

 Men

+ 0.019 (− 0.077 to + 0.116)

ns

GLS [per %]

+ 0.220 (+ 0.121 to + 0.319)

< 0.001

0.544

GCS 3D [per %]

+ 0.213 (+ 0.159 to + 0.268)

< 0.001

0.200

  1. *Adjusted for sex, **Adjusted for age, ***Adjusted for age and height. All other parameters were adjusted for age and sex.
  2. 95% CI: 95% confidence interval, BG: blood glucose, BMI: body mass index, BP: blood pressure, Diast.: diastolic, E: early diastolic mitral inflow velocity, e': early diastolic myocardial velocity, eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate, GCS 3D: three-dimensional measured circumferential strain, GLS 3D: three-dimensional measured global longitudinal strain, HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin A1c, HDL: high-density lipoprotein, LAVi: left atrial volume index, LDL: low-density lipoprotein, LV: left ventricular, LVEDV: left ventricular end-diastolic volume, LVEDVi: left ventricular end-diastolic volume index, LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction, LVM: left ventricular mass, LVMi: left ventricular muscle mass index, ns: not significant, Syst.: systolic, TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.
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