Table 6 Correlation between serum Asprosin concentration, asprosin expression, serum Gremlin-1 concentration, Gremlin-1 expression and the studied parameters.

Parameter	Serum protein Level				Gene expression
	Asprosin		Gremlin-1		Asprosin expression		Gremlin-1 expression
	R	P	R	P	R	P	r	p
Age, (year)	-0.021	0.884	-0.148	0.305	0.043	0.767	-0.024	0.869
BMI, (kg/m²)	0.189	0.189	-0.011	0.942	0.187	0.193	0.142	0.327
Cholesterol, (mg/dL)	0.389	0.008*	0.262	0.066	0.33	0.019*	0.257	0.071
Triglycerides, (mg/dL)	0.408	0.003*	0.411	0.003*	0.467	0.001*	0.329	0.019*
HDL-C, (mg/dL)	-0.222	0.122	-0.214	0.136	-0.187	0.194	0.011	0.939
LDL-C, (mg/dL)	0.359	0.01*	0.233	0.103	0.278	0.051	0.203	0.157
HbA1c, (%)	0.549	< 0.001*	0.601	< 0.001*	0.775	< 0.001*	0.708	< 0.001*
Glucose, (mg/dL)	0.583	< 0.001*	0.739	< 0.001*	0.765	< 0.001*	0.65	< 0.001*
Insulin, (mU/L)	-0.289	0.041*	-0.441	0.001*	-0.471	0.001*	-0.339	0.016*
HOMA IR	0.552	< 0.001*	0.643	< 0.001*	0.728	< 0.001*	0.666	< 0.001*
HOMA-β	-0.545	< 0.001**	-0.545	< 0.001**	-0.772	< 0.001**	-0.772	< 0.001**
HOMA-S	-0.552	< 0.001**	-0.552	< 0.001**	-0.728	< 0.001**	-0.728	< 0.001**
TyG index	0.554	< 0.001*	0.752	< 0.001*	0.696	< 0.001*	0.635	< 0.001*
Serum Asprosin concentration	1	–	0.468	0.001	0.565	< 0.001*	0.384	0.006*
Serum Gremlin 1concentration	0.468	< 0.001*	1	–	0.637	< 0.001*	0.467	0.001*
Asprosin expression	0.565	< 0.001*	0.637	< 0.001	1	–	0.723	< 0.001*
Gremlin-1 expression	0.384	0.006*	0.467	0.001	0.723	< 0.001*	1	–

BMI: Body Mass Index, HDL-C: High density lipo-protein-cholesterol, LDL-C: Low density lipo-protein- cholesterol, HOMA-IR: Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, HbA₁c: Hemoglobin A1c, r: Spearman rank correlation coefficient, TyG: triglyceride–glucose.
*p < 0.05 is statistically significant.

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