Table 4 The FDM test functions’ outcomes.

CHOA

Ave

2.3332

3.05E−04

-1.0359

0.4005

3.000022

-3.8544

-3.21003

-10.133

-10.333

-10.45

Std

0.0911

3.02E−04

6.32E−14

1.33E−06

1.21E−09

1.47E−10

2.44E−02

2.04E−02

2.77E−02

2.11E−02

p-value

0.0033

0.0025

0.0014

0.0032

0.0045

0.0073

0.0044

0.0042

0.0075

0.0088

ULCHOA

Ave

1.0444

3.54E−04

-1.0449

0.3989

3.000019

-3.8633

-3.29622

-10.122

-10.421

-10.531

Std

0.2731

6.32E−04

2.11E−12

7.11E−11

2.44E−12

1.42E−13

1.66E−10

2.13E−02

3.33E−04

2.55E−02

p-value

0.0044

0.0047

0.0021

0.0011

0.0025

0.0066

0.0025

0.0077

0.0065

0.0063

ICHOA

Ave

1.0305

2.20E−04

-1.0355

0.4033

3.00000

-3.8621

-3.2901

-6.155

-10.322

-10.522

Std

1.0001

3.32E−04

5.11E−09

0.4033

3.00000

-3.8655

-3.2608

2.77E−02

3.13E−01

2.75E−02

p-value

0.0028

0.0073

0.0014

0.0032

0.0032

0.0073

0.0071

0.0042

0.0066

5.11E−09

NCHOA

Ave

0.9645

3.29E−04

-1.0384

0.3995

3.000042

-3.8622

-3.28876

-10.133

-9.4033

-10.510

Std

1.22E−14

4.02E−04

4.73E−15

4.49E−14

1.88E−14

2.68E−15

1.11E−10

2.66E−08

2.11E−02

5.11E−09

p-value

0.0044

0.0047

0.0021

0.0011

0.0025

0.0066

0.0025

0.0077

0.0065

0.0063

DLFCHOA

Ave

0.1033

3.21E−04

-1.0362

0.3925

3.00012

-3.7954

-3.19001

-7.544

-9.320

-9.6501

Std

1.22E−14

6.52E−04

6.09E−15

9.22E−14

1.88E−13

4.11E−15

1.59E−08

1.44E−02

1.23E−01

7.11E−02

p-value

0.0011

0.0033

0.0021

0.0011

0.0021

0.0066

0.0088

0.0077

0.0015

0.0063

ECHOA

Ave

1.1330

2.11E−06

-1.0352

0.3989

3.000045

-3.8636

-3.28654

-10.165

-10.421

-10.520

Std

2.8713

3.33E−04

2.38E−09

8.22E−13

1.99E−02

1.25E−14

1.79E−10

2.33E−05

2.77E−02

8.15E−03

p-value

0.0033

0.0025

0.0014

0.0032

0.0045

0.0073

0.0044

0.0042

0.0075

0.0088

TASR-CHOA

Ave

1.08E−05

3.01E−04

-1.03161

0.3972

3.000001

-3.8645

-3.0004

-10.165

-9.4077

-10.537

Std

1.09E−17

3.11E−15

4.11E−18

9.11E−15

1.33E−16

2.52E−15

1.22E−11

-2.09E−11

2.25E−09

3.62E−12

p-value

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

ARBGA

Ave

0.9333

3.02E−04

-1.0341

0.3996

3.000033

-3.8633

-3.2899

-10.122

-10.4041

-10.536

Std

2.33E−15

5.12E−04

5.12E−16

10.23E−15

1.46E−14

1.46E−14

1.14E−11

2.53E−11

2.38E−09

3.91E−11

p-value

0.0033

0.0025

0.0014

0.0032

0.0045

0.0073

0.0044

0.0042

0.0075

0.0088

ARWOA

Ave

1.0002

3.64E−04

-1.0357

0.3991

3.000033

-3.8644

-1.992

-6.144

-7.477

-6.5322

Std

1.0044

6.66E−04

6.85E−14

8.22E−13

1.32E−13

3.11E−13

1.13E−09

2.25E−02

2.38E−09

0.0033

p-value

0.0066

0.0047

0.0055

0.0011

0.0025

0.0066

0.0023

0.0057

0.0065

4.11E−06

SHADE

Ave

0.8827

1.25E−03

-1.0316

0.3983

3.000025

-3.8628

-3.0334

-9.1344

-10.414

-10.537

Std

3.39E−16

4.43E−03

3.3E−03

1.12E−15

4.14E−14

1.46E−14

4.66E−03

1.1325

3.63E−10

8.00E−10

p-value

0.054

0.0022

0.054

0.0033

0.0025

0.0014

0.0032

0.0045

0.0073

0.052

CMA-ES

Ave

1.0335

3.02E−04

-1.0316

0.3982

3.9900

-3.8628

-3.2903

-7.1410

-10.414

-10.537

Std

0.2044

1.19E−04

6.22E−17

0.0000

1.33E+01

2.51E−15

1.44E−11

3.4120

2.02E−11

5.11E−09

p-value

0.0033

0.0033

0.066

0.0577

0.0035

0.00001

0.00184

0.0003

0.0033

0.066

LSHADESPACMA

Ave

0.9044

1.44E−03

-1.0316

0.3988

3.000041

-3.8628

-3.0333

-9.1436

-10.435

-10.537

Std

3.21E−16

5.32E−03

0.0033

1.11E−16

3.22E−14

1.33E−14

5.77E−02

1.2269

2.44E−11

9.11E−11

p-value

0.054

0.0033

0.0025

0.0014

0.0032

0.0045

0.0073

0.0044

0.0042

0.0075