Table 4 Results based on BiGRU-CRF in three tests with different pretraining models (%).

From: Information extraction from green channel textual records on expressways using hybrid deep learning

Model

Entity

Test 1

Test 2

Test 3

Precision (%)

Recall (%)

F1 (%)

Precision (%)

Recall (%)

F1 (%)

Precision (%)

Recall (%)

F1 (%)

BERT

Cheating

93.42

93.42

93.42

98.63

94.74

96.64

98.63

94.74

96.64

Mixed

100.00

99.85

99.92

100.00

100.00

100

100.00

100.00

100

Out-listed

96.66

98.43

97.54

96.29

98.30

97.28

96.29

98.30

97.28

Not fresh

92.06

92.06

92.06

89.23

92.06

90.62

89.23

92.06

90.62

Frozen

82.11

76.52

79.22

83.61

77.27

80.31

83.61

77.27

80.31

Spoilage

91.87

96.58

94.17

94.21

97.44

95.8

94.21

97.44

95.8

Over-loading

99.32

98.65

98.99

99.55

99.21

99.38

99.55

99.21

99.38

Deep-processing

83.19

85.34

84.26

84.42

85.63

85.02

84.42

85.63

85.02

ALBERT

Cheating

68.57

63.16

65.75

77.61

68.42

72.73

77.61

68.42

72.73

Mixed

96.54

97.57

97.05

96.56

98.18

97.36

96.56

98.18

97.36

Out-listed

86.15

91.90

88.93

87.69

92.16

89.87

87.69

92.16

89.87

Not fresh

73.85

76.19

75

69.12

74.60

71.76

69.12

74.60

71.76

Frozen

76.61

71.97

74.22

77.24

71.97

74.51

77.24

71.97

74.51

Spoilage

75.71

90.60

82.49

72.03

88.03

79.23

72.03

88.03

79.23

Over-loading

92.28

92.59

92.44

91.51

91.92

91.71

91.51

91.92

91.71

Deep-processing

63.99

70.98

67.3

64.25

68.68

66.39

64.25

68.68

66.39

RoBERTa

Cheating

95.95

93.42

94.67

93.67

97.37

95.48

93.67

97.37

95.48

Mixed

100.00

99.85

99.92

100.00

100.00

100

100.00

100.00

100

Out-listed

97.30

99.08

98.19

97.16

98.56

97.86

97.16

98.56

97.86

Not fresh

95.08

92.06

93.55

93.55

92.06

92.80

93.55

92.06

92.80

Frozen

83.61

77.27

80.31

85.48

80.30

82.81

85.48

80.30

82.81

Spoilage

92.62

96.58

94.56

91.06

95.73

93.33

91.06

95.73

93.33

Over-loading

99.22

99.33

99.27

99.44

99.10

99.27

99.44

99.10

99.27

Deep-processing

80.51

81.90

81.2

84.01

83.05

83.53

84.01

83.05

83.53