Fig. 5

Daily changes in Gsw (2021 (a), 2022 (c)) and Ci (2021 (e), 2022 (g)) of Lycium barbarum under different water and fertilisation treatments over time (data were obtained from the observation data of Lycium barbarum during the flowering and fruit setting stages: observation data of 4 June 2021 and 1 June 2022. The vertical line in the graph indicates the standard deviation), and changes in Gsw (2021 (b), 2022 (d)) and Ci (2021 (f), 2022 (h)) of Lycium barbarum under different water and fertilisation treatments (the data analysed here for Gsw is for the period 10:00–12:00 and those for Ci are for the period 12:00–14:00. W indicates the watering level, F indicates the fertiliser level, CK indicates the experimental control, where * and ** indicate significant differences at the P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 levels, respectively, and ns indicates no significant difference (P > 0.05). Different symbols above the error bars indicate significant differences between treatments according to Duncan’s multiple range test (P < 0.05).).