Table 1 Formulation and proximate composition of the experimental diets (% dry matter).

From: The role of sodium butyrate in modulating growth, intestinal health, and antimicrobial efficacy in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) fed high soy diets

Ingredient

Control

High SBM

High SBM

 + 0.2%NaB

High SBM + 0.5%NaB

Fish meala

60.00

33.00

33.00

33.00

Soybean mealb

0.00

35.69

35.69

35.69

Wheat gluten mealc

4.46

8.75

8.75

8.75

Wheat meald

22.59

4.19

4.19

4.19

Beer yeaste

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

Fish oil

3.05

5.31

5.31

5.31

Soy lecithin

2.50

2.50

2.50

2.50

Monocalcium phosphate

0.50

0.50

0.50

0.50

Vitamin premixf

1.50

1.50

1.50

1.50

Mineral premixg

1.50

1.50

1.50

1.50

Choline chloride (99%)

0.25

0.25

0.25

0.25

Calcium propionate

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.10

Ethoxyquin

0.05

0.05

0.05

0.05

Attractantsh

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Sodium alginate

0.50

0.50

0.50

0.50

Microcrystalline cellulose

0.00

3.16

2.96

2.66

Sodium butyratei

0.00

0.00

0.20

0.50

Proximate composition (dry matter basis)

Dry matter content

96.68

95.81

95.99

95.97

Crude protein

51.71

51.22

51.43

51.55

Crude lipid

11.92

11.81

11.80

12.16

Crude ash

12.94

10.37

10.70

10.62

  1. Abbreviations: SBM, soybean meal diet; NaB, sodium butyrate.
  2. aPurchased from Qingdao Seven Great Bio-tech Company Limited (Qingdao, China), crude protein: 711.6 g/kg, crude lipid: 103.4 g/kg (dry matter basis).
  3. bPurchased from Qingdao Seven Great Bio-tech Company Limited (Qingdao, China), crude protein: 538.4 g/kg, crude lipid: 27.2 g/kg (dry matter basis).
  4. cPurchased from Qingdao Fulin Company Limited (Qingdao, China), crude protein:858.9 g/kg, crude lipid: 22.5 g/kg (dry matter basis).
  5. dPurchased from Qingdao Fulin Company Limited (Qingdao, China), crude protein:199.9 g/kg, crude lipid:29.0 g/kg (dry matter basis).
  6. ePurchased from Qingdao Fulin Company Limited (Qingdao, China), crude protein:477.6 g/kg, crude lipid: 17.2 g/kg (dry matter basis).
  7. fVitamin premix (mg/kg diet): retinyl acetate (500,000 IU/g), 32; thiamine HCl (98%), 25; riboflavin (80%), 45; niacin (99%), 200; calcium pantothenate (98%), 60; pyridoxine HCl (99%), 20; inositol (98%), 800; folic acid (98%), 20; cyanocobalamin (1%), 10; ascorbic acid (35%), 120; cholecalciferol (500,000 IU/g), 5; α-tocopheryl acetate (50%), 240; biotin (2%), 60; menadione sodium bisulphite (51%), 10; ethoxyquin (100%), 3; microcrystalline cellulose (100%), 11,470.
  8. gMineral premix (mg/kg diet): CoCl2·6H2O (1%), 50; CuSO4·5H2O (25%), 10; FeSO4·H2O (30%), 80; ZnSO4·H2O (34.50%), 50; MnSO4·H2O (31.80%), 45; MgSO4·H2O (15%), 1200; Na2SeO3 (1%), 20; calcium iodine (1%), 60; zeolite powder, 13,512.
  9. hBetaine: dimethyl-beta-propiothetin (DMPT): threonine: glycine: inosine-5-diphosphate trisodium salt = 4: 2:2: 1:1.
  10. iPurchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (USA). The batch number was 303,410–500G, and the purity was > 98%.
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