Table 2 Mean and percentage change in clinical outcomes.

From: A safety and feasibility randomized placebo controlled trial exploring electroencephalographic effective connectivity neurofeedback treatment for fibromyalgia

Clinical measure

Time point

Active (Mean ± SD)

Placebo (Mean ± SD)

RFIQ

T0

65.4 ± 9.6

59.7 ± 19.0

T1

46.9 ± 19.6

50.1 ± 21.5

T2

40.7 ± 24.0

48.0 ± 23.0

T3

46.2 ± 19.9

46.5 ± 25.0

T1-T0 (% Change)

-28.1 ± 27.1

-16.6 ± 18.9

T2-T0 (% Change)

-38.1 ± 33.7

-20.3 ± 22.2

T3-T0 (% Change)

-28.5 ± 30.8

-23.0 ± 27.1

BPI Pain Severity

T0

5.6 ± 1.1

5.4 ± 2.1

T1

4.5 ± 2.2

4.5 ± 2.4

T2

4.2 ± 2.4

4.4 ± 2.2

T3

4.6 ± 2.3

4.3 ± 2.2

T1-T0 (% Change)

-23.5 ± 30.4

-18.1 ± 24.5

T2-T0 (% Change)

-27.6 ± 35.5

-17.0 ± 24.3

T3-T0 (% Change)

-19.6 ± 34.4

-20.7 ± 24.6

BPI Pain Interference

T0

6.4 ± 1.9

6.1 ± 2.2

T1

5.4 ± 2.4

4.7 ± 2.7

T2

5.3 ± 2.5

4.8 ± 2.7

T3

5.0 ± 2.4

4.8 ± 3.0

T1-T0 (% Change)

-15.7 ± 38.6

-23.7 ± 27.7

T2-T0 (% Change)

-16.5 ± 40.9

-21.7 ± 31.0

T3-T0 (% Change)

-23.8 ± 31.8

-23.1 ± 34.5

PVAQ

T0

50.3 ± 10.3

47.6 ± 11.8

T1

42.1 ± 12.0

43.9 ± 13.0

T2

41.5 ± 10.0

37.7 ± 14.5

T3

39.6 ± 14.4

37.2 ± 15.4

T1-T0 (% Change)

-15.3 ± 21.7

-8.2 ± 12.1

T2-T0 (% Change)

-16.3 ± 17.4

-21.8 ± 18.9

T3-T0 (% Change)

-20.7 ± 24.1

-23.7 ± 20.2

PCS

T0

24.9 ± 14.2

22.9 ± 16.3

T1

18.7 ± 12.7

14.8 ± 12.3

T2

17.9 ± 13.3

15.2 ± 15.7

T3

17.2 ± 14.3

13.8 ± 14.0

T1-T0 (% Change)

-23.6 ± 24.5

-30.2 ± 28.0

T2-T0 (% Change)

-30.5 ± 30.4

-37.3 ± 33.0

T3-T0 (% Change)

-34.8 ± 36.4

-39.9 ± 32.9

DASS Stress

T0

21.1 ± 8.6

19.2 ± 10.1

T1

16.3 ± 11.0

17.2 ± 9.2

T2

17.5 ± 10.0

16.9 ± 9.3

T3

17.3 ± 9.3

16.3 ± 9.7

T1-T0 (% Change)

-27.7 ± 38.1

-4.2 ± 33.7

T2-T0 (% Change)

-18.9 ± 34.1

-5.6 ± 32.1

T3-T0 (% Change)

-16.9 ± 33.2

-4.7 ± 50.9

DASS Anxiety

T0

15.1 ± 9.1

17.1 ± 11.3

T1

8.9 ± 7.6

13.1 ± 11.4

T2

9.7 ± 8.0

12.3 ± 11.5

T3

9.6 ± 6.9

13.3 ± 11.8

T1-T0 (% Change)

-39.6 ± 35.8

-5.6 ± 91.0

T2-T0 (% Change)

-28.8 ± 51.0

-22.1 ± 39.4

T3-T0 (% Change)

-30.2 ± 45.4

-6.3 ± 94.1

DASS Depression

T0

14.1 ± 10.0

15.7 ± 10.8

T1

13.1 ± 10.4

11.9 ± 9.6

T2

13.6 ± 10.3

12.3 ± 10.6

T3

12.9 ± 9.7

12.7 ± 11.8

T1-T0 (% Change)

-16.9 ± 44.9

-21.2 ± 31.0

T2-T0 (% Change)

-10.9 ± 48.2

-18.1 ± 43.7

T3-T0 (% Change)

-12.7 ± 57.4

-20.8 ± 53.9

WHO-5 Wellbeing

T0

27.2 ± 16.9

34.4 ± 12.4

T1

39.5 ± 18.3

39.2 ± 11.4

T2

37.1 ± 19.3

38.9 ± 13.0

T3

35.7 ± 24.6

40.3 ± 17.4

T1-T0 (% Change)

41.0 ± 50.6

22.8 ± 46.2

T2-T0 (% Change)

24.3 ± 35.9

19.4 ± 45.7

T3-T0 (% Change)

18.7 ± 71.0

16.7 ± 35.0

EQ5D Health Status

T0

33.1 ± 27.0

40.6 ± 22.8

T1

42.8 ± 29.8

41.8 ± 23.0

T2

40.5 ± 29.8

43.3 ± 23.7

T3

37.2 ± 28.6

44.2 ± 25.3

T1-T0 (% Change)

70.4 ± 118.8

7.3 ± 20.2

T2-T0 (% Change)

55.9 ± 109.1

12.5 ± 28.5

T3-T0 (% Change)

47.0 ± 110.7

12.8 ± 30.9

EQ5D Index

T0

15.0 ± 27.8

7.0 ± 18.8

T1

16.1 ± 29.1

9.0 ± 22.2

T2

15.8 ± 28.2

11.9 ± 29.9

T3

15.9 ± 29.1

9.2 ± 23.0

T1-T0 (% Change)

10.5 ± 28.5

7.3 ± 20.2

T2-T0 (% Change)

3.4 ± 33.5

12.5 ± 28.5

T3-T0 (% Change)

12.4 ± 32.0

12.8 ± 30.9

MOS Sleep Scale

T0

56.3 ± 13.3

57.6 ± 14.1

T1

52.7 ± 12.4

54.1 ± 18.6

T2

52.5 ± 12.7

50.1 ± 16.5

T3

51.2 ± 16.3

50.9 ± 19.2

T1-T0 (% Change)

-5.3 ± 14.3

-6.9 ± 17.4

T2-T0 (% Change)

-5.9 ± 13.3

-12.6 ± 19.6

T3-T0 (% Change)

-9.1 ± 20.1

-12.0 ± 22.0

MTS

T0

17.5 ± 19.6

17.1 ± 21.9

T1

17.3 ± 14.3

17.8 ± 14.4

T2

17.9 ± 15.2

15.8 ± 17.1

T3

19.5 ± 18.9

14.3 ± 14.8

T1-T0 (% Change)

-37.0 ± 206.3

56.8 ± 223.3

T2-T0 (% Change)

-17.3 ± 155.9

-27.0 ± 62.5

T3-T0 (% Change)

-20.4 ± 284.2

-37.7 ± 64.0

PPT

T0

161.8 ± 76.7

206.3 ± 120.5

T1

178.3 ± 82.9

188.7 ± 103.7

T2

183.5 ± 85.8

198.9 ± 110.1

T3

174.6 ± 85.3

210.1 ± 109.3

T1-T0 (% Change)

17.9 ± 56.7

-4.9 ± 30.2

T2-T0 (% Change)

19.9 ± 49.6

4.5 ± 44.7

T3-T0 (% Change)

14.4 ± 49.3

10.1 ± 45.1

  1. Mean is calculated at each time point of baseline (T0) and follow ups (T1, T2, T3) and presented with the standard deviation (SD). Percentage change is calculated for each participant between each follow up and their baseline scores, and the group mean with SD is presented. RFIQ = Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire, BPI = Brief Pain Inventory, PVAQ = Pain Vigilance and Awareness Questionnaire, PCS = Pain Catastrophising Scale, AIMS = Arthritis Impact Measurement Scale, DASS = Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale, WHO-5 = World Health Organisation – 5 well-being index, EQ-5D = European Quality of life – 5 Dimensions, MOS = Medical Outcomes Scale, MTS = Mechanical Temporal Summation, PPT = Pressure Pain Threshold.
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