Fig. 5

(a) Development curve of freezing depth (b) Fitting curve of frost heave amount and frost heave force of Caen pipeline (c) Fitting curve of frost heave amount and frost heave force of Alaska pipeline.

(a) Development curve of freezing depth (b) Fitting curve of frost heave amount and frost heave force of Caen pipeline (c) Fitting curve of frost heave amount and frost heave force of Alaska pipeline.