Fig. 1

Optimization of the electrolyte using bulk solution (10 mL) (a) Nyquist plot showing the effect of different tryptone nutrient medium (TNM) strengths on the impedance signal. (b) Effect of varying strength of TNM on the bacterial growth, showing the compatibility of bacterial growth on 10% TNM (c) Equivalent circuit model developed to obtain the charge transfer resistance signal from the Nyquist plot (d) Nyquist plot with the variable concentration of bacteria in 10% TNM with solid line representing the model fit.