Table 3 Transient response performance evaluation for different controllers.
From: Optimal voltage and frequency control strategy for renewable-dominated deregulated power network
Type | Controller | PID-FA27 | FOPID-MFO28 | MPC-HHO29 | MPC-LHHO (proposed) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Poolco transaction | PI | ISE1 | 0.0069 | 0.0068 | 0.0015 | 0.0011 |
ISE2 | 2.5358 | 2.1525 | 0.9036 | 0.8524 | ||
\(\:\varDelta\:{f}_{1}\) | PO | 0.0136 | 0.0111 | 0.0305 | 0.0292 | |
PU | − 0.0636 | − 0.0557 | − 0.0207 | − 0.0207 | ||
ST | 14 s | 20.5 s | 8.5 s | 8.5 s | ||
\(\:\varDelta\:{f}_{2}\) | PO | 0.0034 | 0.0046 | 0.0114 | 0.0048 | |
PU | − 0.0322 | − 0.0286 | − 0.0242 | − 0.0131 | ||
ST | 19 s | 19 s | 13 s | 12 s | ||
\(\:\varDelta\:{T}_{p12}\) | PO | 0.0012 | 0.0033 | 0.0152 | 0.0112 | |
PU | − 0.0214 | − 0.0209 | − 0.0044 | − 0.0036 | ||
ST | 16 s | 16 s | 11 s | 11 s | ||
\(\:\varDelta\:{V}_{1}\) | PO | 0.0 | 1.049 | 1.07 | 1.046 | |
PU | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
ST | 22.5 s | 12.5 s | 2.5 s | 2 s | ||
Bilateral transaction | PI | ISE1 | 0.0083 | 0.0066 | 0.0032 | 0.0027 |
ISE2 | 3.3465 | 2.5132 | 0.7561 | 0.6036 | ||
\(\:\varDelta\:{f}_{1}\) | PO | 0.0138 | 0.0098 | 0.0219 | 0.0287 | |
PU | − 0.0534 | − 0.0612 | − 0.0363 | − 0.0212 | ||
ST | 25.5 s | 20 s | 22 s | 19 s | ||
\(\:\varDelta\:{f}_{2}\) | PO | 0.0187 | 0.0051 | 0.0269 | 0.0279 | |
PU | − 0.0689 | − 0.0203 | − 0.003 | 0.0 | ||
ST | 29.0 s | 24 s | 27 s | 16 s | ||
\(\:\varDelta\:{T}_{p12}\) | PO | 0.0039 | 0.0 | 0.0037 | 0.0057 | |
PU | − 0.0198 | − 0.0265 | − 0.0059 | − 0.00405 | ||
ST | 30.0 s | 25 s | 20 s | 19 s | ||
\(\:\varDelta\:{V}_{1}\) | PO | 0.0 | 1.075 | 1.042 | 1.041 | |
PU | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
ST | 25.5 s | 20.5 s | 2.5 s | 1.5 s | ||
