Fig. 3 | Scientific Reports

Fig. 3

From: Exploring the subtle and novel renal pathological changes in diabetic nephropathy using clustering analysis with deep learning

Fig. 3

Visualizations of regions of interest by Grad-CAM for clustering. Clusters 1 and 2 mostly contained glomerular images from diabetes cases. Representative images of clusters 1 and 2 are in pairs with the Grad-CAM and original images (A and B, respectively). Grad-CAM revealed that regions for clustering are highlighted in red or orange. Glomerular images from cluster 9 are also shown (C). As shown in images of cluster 1 (A), the outer portion of the glomerular capillary was red on Grad-CAM. High-magnification original images at the lower right corner of each panel shows that podocytes on the outer portion of the glomerular capillary were positive for Grad-CAM. In cluster 2 (B), in addition to areas positive for Grad-CAM were similar to those in cluster 1, there were also areas in the mesangium and/or capillaries inside the glomeruli that were positive for Grad-CAM. Moreover, images in clusters 1 and 2 showed larger Bowman’s spaces and tubular lumens than those in cluster 9 (C).

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