Table 5 The performance of the LLMs on the MMLU⁵⁰, GPQA⁴⁹, and DROP⁵¹benchmarks, collected from the following references^38,39,48.

MMLU (Undergraduate

Level Knowledge)

Zero Shot

88.70%

88.30%

-

Five Shot

-

88.70%

85.90%

GPQA (Graduate Level Reasoning)

Chain of Thought

53.60%

59.40%

46.20%

DROP (Reasoning)

Three Shot

83.40%

87.10%

74.90%