Fig. 1

Correlation heatmap reporting Pearson correlation coefficients between years for each trait. Observations were performed during 2022 and 2023 growing seasons in a greenhouse at the Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland (52°26′ N 16°54′ E). The bar below the heatmap indicates the color legend of correlation coefficients (from 0 to 1). Asterisk (*) indicates significant correlations in the following scheme: ***, p < 0.00001; **, 0.00001 ≤ p < 0.0001; *, 0.0001 ≤ p ≤ 0.05.