Fig. 2

Visualization of population structure analysis of 173 Lupinus hispanicus accessions. The panels show (A) STRUCTURE diagrams under different K-values (K4, K5 and K6), (B) country of origin and (C) mean total number of days from sowing to the floral bud emergence and start of flowering for non-vernalized (NB and NF) and vernalized (VB and VF) plants. In total, 5959 SNP and 17,769 PAV markers were used for population structure analysis. Phenotypic observations were performed during 2022 and 2023 growing seasons in a greenhouse at the Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland (52°26′ N 16°54′ E). The deeper the shade of blue on the NB, NF, VB and VF panels, the later the phenotype according to the scale provided below the panels.