Table 2 Data used to assess the forest structure dynamics.

Remote sensing data

 Landsat Multispectral

Sensor (MSS)

1973, 1977

U.S. Geological Survey 

https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/

Raster

16 days

30 m

 Landsat Thematic

Mapper (TM)

1990, 1993,

1998, 2001

U.S. Geological Survey 

https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/

Raster

16 days

31 m

 Landsat Operational Land

Imagery (OLI)

2014, 2022

U.S. Geological Survey 

https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/

Raster

16 days

32 m

 Cartosat Digital Elevation

Model (Carto-DEM)

2015

U.S. Geological Survey 

https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/

Raster

–

1 m

 Shuttle Radar Topography

Mission Digital Elevation

Model (SRTM DEM)

2014

U.S. Geological Survey 

https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/

Raster

–

30 m

Collateral data

 Survey of India Toposheet

2005-06

surveyofindia.gov.in

Raster

–

1:50000

 Survey of India Toposheet

1964-66

surveyofindia.gov.in

Raster

–

1:250000

 French Institute Vegetation

Map of South India

1984

¹²¹

Raster

–

1:250000

 Forest Survey of India (FSI)

Forest category

2019

¹²²

Raster

–

23.5 m

 Forest Survey of India (FSI)

mining area

1970

¹²²

Raster

–

 Google Satellite

1985–2023

Google Earth

https://earth.google.com/

Raster

–

0.1–5 m

 National Remote Sensing Centre

(NRSC) Land Use

2005-06, 2011-12,

2015-16

Bhuvan

https://bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in/home/index.php

Raster

–

1:50,000

 Environmental Systems Research

Institute (ESRI)

Land Use

2021

Esri Land Cover

https://livingatlas.arcgis.com/landcover/

Raster

–

10 m

 Indian Biodiversity Information

System Land Use

1985, 1995, 2005

Indian Biodiversity Information System

https://www.indianbiodiversity.org/

Raster

–

100 m

 Dynamic World

Land Use

2022

¹²⁰

Raster

–

10 m