Table 2 Pediatric caudal epidural block practices reported by the anesthesiologists.

#	Item	n	%
1	The devices used to access epidural space
	Needles
	Hollow needle, non-specified	157	96.9
	Stylleted needle	2	1.2
	Tuohy needle	2	1.2
	Butterfly needle	1	0.6
	Catheters, non-specified	162	100.0
2	The gauge sizes
	18G	8	4.9
	20G	12	7.4
	22G	122	75.3
	24G	24	14.8
3	The method used for ensuring accurate placement of needles, catheters, local anesthetics, additives, and adjuncts in the epidural space
	Aspiration before injection	104	64.2
	Needle passage through the sacrococcygeal ligament	68	42.0
	Ease of cannula advancement into the caudal epidural space	57	35.2
	Injection of local anesthetic into caudal epidural space	46	28.4
	Air injection into caudal epidural space	46	28.4
	Saline injection into caudal epidural space	31	19.1
	Swoosh test	10	6.2
	Ultrasound imaging	5	3.1
4	Local anesthetics used
	Bupivacaine	148	91.4
	Lignocaine/lidocaine	26	16.0
	Ropivacaine	6	3.7
	Levobupivacaine	1	0.6
5	Additives and adjuncts
	Ketamine	151	93.2
	Opioids	96	59.3
	Midazolam	7	4.3
	Dexamethasone	6	3.7
	Clonidine	3	1.9
6	The upper age limit for the usage of caudal epidural anesthesia in children
	3 months	2	1.2
	6 months	2	1.2
	1 year	7	4.3
	2 years	14	8.6
	3 years	9	5.6
	4 years	82	50.6
	5 years	2	1.2
	6 years	4	2.5
	7 years	1	0.6
	8 years	1	0.6
	10 years	8	4.9
	12 years	1	0.6
	13 years	2	1.2
	14 years	1	0.6
	15 years	1	0.6
	No Limit	25	15.4
7	The maximum duration the anesthesiologist leaves the catheter in situ
	< 12 h	99	61.1
	Up to 24 h	60	37.0
	Up to 36 h	3	1.9
8	The methods used to provide asepsis for single-shot caudal epidural
	Gloves, gowns, and masks	93	57.4
	Gloves only	61	37.7
	No touch technique	4	2.5
	Gloves and masks	5	3.1
	Scrubbing the site of insertion with chlorhexidine	2	1.2

Quick links

Search