Fig. 6

Visualization results of the promoting and resisting factors in typical magnetic fields. (a) Initial stage of magnetization reversal at 78 mT. The promoting factors appeared at various locations, providing consistency to the initial stage of the reversal process. (b) Subsequent stage of magnetization reversal at 36 mT. The promoting factor was mapped to the circular magnetic domains (arrow), which captured a smooth magnetization reversal. Both the promoting and resisting factors were plotted at the same location (circles), indicating the competition between the increase and decrease of the pseudo-exchange energy. It sufficiently agrees with the general pinning phenomena at the grain boundary. (c) Progressive stage of magnetization reversal up to 4 mT. The domain walls with and without generators enable the identification of their contribution and physical role in the magnetization reversal phenomena. (d) Coercivity region at − 11 mT. Resistance factors were plotted in the elongated magnetic domains within the grain (circle). These magnetic domain walls hardly move and inhibit magnetization reversal, which sufficiently explains the coercivity phenomenon. (e–h) Visualization results for PC1. The change in magnetization shows a similar spatial distribution of the resistance factor.