Table 2 Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of risk factors associated with postoperative new-onset constipation in elderly patients undergoing hip fracture surgery.

From: Development and validation of a nomogram for predicting postoperative new-onset constipation in elderly patients undergoing hip fracture surgery

 

No constipation (N = 493)

Constipation (N = 462)

OR (univariable)

OR (multivariable)

Sex Man

192 (38.9%)

162 (35.1%)

  

Women

301 (61.1%)

300 (64.9%)

1.18 (0.91–1.54, p = 0.215)

 

Age(yr)

77.8 ± 7.9

77.0 ± 7.7

0.99 (0.97-1.00, p = 0.104)

 

Surgery duration( h)

1.6 ± 0.7

1.7 ± 0.6

1.10 (0.91–1.34, p = 0.330)

 

BMI(kg/m2) <24

397 (80.5%)

312 (67.5%)

  

≥ 24

96 (19.5%)

150 (32.5%)

1.99 (1.48–2.67, p < 0.001)

1.72 (1.24–2.39, p = 0.001)

Hypertension No

240 (48.7%)

199 (43.1%)

  

Yes

253 (51.3%)

263 (56.9%)

1.25 (0.97–1.62, p = 0.082)

 

DM No

400 (81.1%)

369 (79.9%)

  

Yes

93 (18.9%)

93 (20.1%)

1.08 (0.79–1.49, p = 0.622)

 

Smoker No

451 (91.5%)

419 (90.7%)

  

Yes

42 (8.5%)

43 (9.3%)

1.10 (0.71–1.72, p = 0.669)

 

Drinker No

450 (91.3%)

435 (94.2%)

  

Yes

43 (8.7%)

27 (5.8%)

0.65 (0.39–1.07, p = 0.090)

 

Cerebrovascular disease No

303 (61.5%)

231 (50%)

  

Cerebral infarction

179 (36.3%)

202 (43.7%)

1.48 (1.14–1.93, p = 0.004)

1.68 (1.23–2.30, p = 0.001)

Cerebral hemorrhage

11 (2.2%)

29 (6.3%)

3.46 (1.69–7.07, p < 0.001)

5.19 (2.38–11.33, p < 0.001)

Cardiovascular disease No

407 (82.6%)

363 (78.6%)

  

Coronary heart disease

80 (16.2%)

77 (16.7%)

1.08 (0.77–1.52, p = 0.664)

0.82 (0.53–1.28, p = 0.389)

Heart valve disease

4 (0.8%)

8 (1.7%)

2.24 (0.67–7.51, p = 0.190)

2.84 (0.71–11.40, p = 0.141)

Both

2 (0.4%)

14 (3%)

7.85 (1.77–34.77, p = 0.007)

4.86 (1.02–23.10, p = 0.047)

Brain surgery history No

481 (97.6%)

455 (98.5%)

  

Yes

12 (2.4%)

7 (1.5%)

0.62 (0.24–1.58, p = 0.314)

 

Heart surgery history No

477 (96.8%)

423 (91.6%)

  

Yes

16 (3.2%)

39 (8.4%)

2.75 (1.51–4.99, p < 0.001)

2.24 (1.07–4.66, p = 0.032)

Atrial fibrillation No

469 (95.1%)

447 (96.8%)

  

Yes

24 (4.9%)

15 (3.2%)

0.66 (0.34–1.27, p = 0.209)

 

Pulmonary disease No

446 (90.5%)

408 (88.3%)

  

COPD

30 (6.1%)

38 (8.2%)

1.38 (0.84–2.28, p = 0.200)

 

Pleural effusion

7 (1.4%)

7 (1.5%)

1.09 (0.38–3.14, p = 0.869)

 

Bronchiectasis

3 (0.6%)

5 (1.1%)

1.82 (0.43–7.67, p = 0.413)

 

Other pulmonary disease

7 (1.4%)

4 (0.9%)

0.62 (0.18–2.15, p = 0.455)

 

Osteoporosis No

477 (96.8%)

457 (98.9%)

  

Yes

16 (3.2%)

5 (1.1%)

0.33 (0.12–0.90, p = 0.030)

0.52 (0.18–1.52, p = 0.229)

Preoperative pulmonary infection No

447 (90.7%)

382 (82.7%)

  

Yes

46 (9.3%)

80 (17.3%)

2.04 (1.38-3.00, p < 0.001)

2.24 (1.42–3.52, p < 0.001)

EF(%)

57.1 ± 3.5

57.0 ± 3.4

0.99 (0.95–1.03, p = 0.602)

 

Preoperative lower limb thrombosis No

334 (67.7%)

344 (74.5%)

  

Present

76 (15.4%)

74 (16%)

0.95 (0.66–1.35, p = 0.756)

1.13 (0.76–1.68, p = 0.548)

Arterial plaque formation or arterial stenosis

83 (16.8%)

44 (9.5%)

0.51 (0.35–0.76, p = 0.001)

0.56 (0.35–0.88, p = 0.012)

Liver disease No

465 (94.3%)

447 (96.8%)

  

Yes

28 (5.7%)

15 (3.2%)

0.56 (0.29–1.06, p = 0.074)

 

Renal disease No

442 (89.7%)

432 (93.5%)

  

Yes

51 (10.3%)

30 (6.5%)

0.60 (0.38–0.96, p = 0.034)

0.45 (0.26–0.78, p = 0.004)

RBC preoperative(U)

0.1 ± 0.7

0.1 ± 0.7

0.96 (0.81–1.14, p = 0.660)

 

ASA I

3 (0.6%)

0 (0%)

  

II

42 (8.5%)

43 (9.3%)

2168612.77 (0.00-Inf, p = 0.977)

 

III

270 (54.8%)

247 (53.5%)

1937742.37 (0.00-Inf, p = 0.977)

 

IV

177 (35.9%)

170 (36.8%)

2034410.09 (0.00-Inf, p = 0.977)

 

V

1 (0.2%)

2 (0.4%)

4236359.84 (0.00-Inf, p = 0.976)

 

NYHA I

104 (21.1%)

107 (23.2%)

  

II

254 (51.5%)

264 (57.1%)

1.01 (0.73–1.39, p = 0.950)

1.02 (0.70–1.49, p = 0.925)

III

131 (26.6%)

83 (18%)

0.62 (0.42–0.91, p = 0.014)

0.81 (0.50–1.33, p = 0.411)

IV

4 (0.8%)

8 (1.7%)

1.94 (0.57–6.65, p = 0.290)

2.29 (0.52–9.96, p = 0.271)

WBC (109/L) <7.5

295 (59.8%)

264 (57.1%)

  

≥ 7.5

198 (40.2%)

198 (42.9%)

1.12 (0.86–1.45, p = 0.398)

 

HB (g/L)

114.8 ± 19.1

116.3 ± 19.7

1.00 (1.00-1.01, p = 0.231)

 

PLT (109/L)

193.4 ± 74.7

195.0 ± 66.9

1.00 (1.00–1.00, p = 0.729)

 

TB (umol/L)

15.0 ± 12.1

13.3 ± 9.1

0.99 (0.97-1.00, p = 0.020)

0.99 (0.98-1.00, p = 0.137)

ALB (g/L)

36.0 ± 4.8

36.9 ± 5.0

1.04 (1.01–1.06, p = 0.009)

1.00 (0.97–1.04, p = 0.858)

Cr (umol/L)

82.2 ± 82.0

76.9 ± 61.8

1.00 (1.00–1.00, p = 0.273)

 

D.dimer (mg/L)

4.5 ± 5.2

4.8 ± 5.7

1.01 (0.99–1.04, p = 0.318)

 

Surgery type Internal fixation

187 (37.9%)

153 (33.1%)

  

Hemihip replacement

102 (20.7%)

79 (17.1%)

0.95 (0.66–1.36, p = 0.767)

0.84 (0.55–1.27, p = 0.410)

Total hip replacement

204 (41.4%)

230 (49.8%)

1.38 (1.04–1.83, p = 0.027)

1.21 (0.84–1.74, p = 0.300)

Anesthesia manner

Intraspinal anesthesia

441 (89.5%)

391 (84.6%)

  

General anesthesia

19 (3.9%)

17 (3.7%)

1.01 (0.52–1.97, p = 0.979)

0.64 (0.30–1.38, p = 0.258)

Nerve block anesthesia

6 (1.2%)

4 (0.9%)

0.75 (0.21–2.68, p = 0.660)

0.36 (0.09–1.48, p = 0.157)

Intraspinal anesthesia + General anesthesia

2 (0.4%)

3 (0.6%)

1.69 (0.28–10.18, p = 0.566)

1.99 (0.31–12.79, p = 0.468)

Intraspinal anesthesia + Nerve block anesthesia

18 (3.7%)

30 (6.5%)

1.88 (1.03–3.43, p = 0.039)

0.92 (0.47–1.81, p = 0.809)

General anesthesia + Nerve block anesthesia

7 (1.4%)

17 (3.7%)

2.74 (1.12–6.67, p = 0.027)

1.68 (0.58–4.81, p = 0.337)

RBC intraoperative(U)

0.7 ± 1.4

0.5 ± 1.2

0.84 (0.76–0.94, p = 0.001)

0.94 (0.82–1.07, p = 0.360)

RBC postoperative(U)

0.2 ± 1.0

0.3 ± 1.2

1.07 (0.95–1.21, p = 0.243)

 

Blood loss (ml)

167.2 ± 130.7

146.8 ± 93.3

1.00 (1.00–1.00, p = 0.006)

1.00 (1.00–1.00, p = 0.015)

ICU admission No

491 (99.6%)

458 (99.1%)

  

Yes

2 (0.4%)

4 (0.9%)

2.14 (0.39–11.75, p = 0.380)

 

PCA No

434 (88%)

327 (70.8%)

  

Yes

59 (12%)

135 (29.2%)

3.04 (2.17–4.26, p < 0.001)

3.06 (2.08–4.52, p < 0.001)

Preoperative waiting time min

11.4 ± 10.4

11.7 ± 11.2

1.00 (0.99–1.01, p = 0.666)

 

ADL score

47.8 ± 21.8

49.6 ± 22.5

1.00 (1.00-1.01, p = 0.199)

 

Gastrointestinal disease None

412 (83.6%)

401 (86.8%)

  

Gastritis

15 (3%)

20 (4.3%)

1.37 (0.69–2.71, p = 0.367)

2.79 (1.26–6.18, p = 0.011)

Liver or gallbladder or spleen surgery history

22 (4.5%)

10 (2.2%)

0.47 (0.22-1.00, p = 0.050)

0.61 (0.26–1.42, p = 0.250)

Gastrointestinal surgery history

32 (6.5%)

27 (5.8%)

0.87 (0.51–1.47, p = 0.598)

0.80 (0.43–1.50, p = 0.492)

Others

12 (2.4%)

4 (0.9%)

0.34 (0.11–1.07, p = 0.065)

0.41 (0.12–1.38, p = 0.150)

  1. Abbreviations: ADL Activity of daily living, ALB Albumin, ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists, BMI Body mass index, COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Cr Creatinine, DM Diabetes mellitus, EF Ejection fraction, HB Hemoglobin, ICU Intensive care unit, NYHA New york heart association, PCA Patient controlled analgesia, PLT Platelet, RBC Red blood corpuscle, TB Total bilirubin, WBC White blood cell.
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