Table 1 Characteristics and outcomes of participants categorized by AG quartiles. Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and were compared between groups using the two-sample t-test. Categorical variables were presented as numbers (percentages) and were compared between groups using the chi-squared test.
Features | Total (n = 2333) | Q1 (n = 574) | Q2 (n = 578) | Q3 (n = 590) | Q4 (n = 591) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 67.40 ± 15.97 | 65.32 ± 16.29 | 68.31 ± 15.58 | 69.56 ± 15.69 | 66.36 ± 16.01 | < 0.001 |
Gender, n (%) | 0.314 | |||||
Female | 901 (38.62) | 203 (35.37) | 230 (39.79) | 237 (40.17) | 231 (39.09) | |
Male | 1432 (61.38) | 371 (64.63) | 348 (60.21) | 353 (59.83) | 360 (60.91) | |
Weight, kg | 80.76 ± 21.96 | 80.35 ± 22.03 | 80.69 ± 21.77 | 80.97 ± 21.98 | 81.01 ± 22.10 | 0.952 |
WBC, K/µL | 11.93 ± 10.08 | 9.86 ± 5.26 | 11.02 ± 8.20 | 12.23 ± 11.29 | 14.53 ± 13.04 | < 0.001 |
RBC, m/µL | 3.19 ± 0.62 | 3.14 ± 0.51 | 3.18 ± 0.59 | 3.22 ± 0.66 | 3.22 ± 0.71 | 0.070 |
Platelet, K/µL | 180.97 ± 107.34 | 172.48 ± 92.66 | 184.06 ± 107.22 | 187.08 ± 109.66 | 180.09 ± 117.62 | 0.110 |
RDW, % | 16.34 ± 2.49 | 16.02 ± 2.25 | 16.12 ± 2.31 | 16.41 ± 2.56 | 16.81 ± 2.74 | < 0.001 |
Sodium, mmol/L | 138.97 ± 4.83 | 139.47 ± 4.36 | 139.27 ± 4.25 | 138.76 ± 4.87 | 138.38 ± 5.63 | < 0.001 |
Potassium, mmol/L | 4.20 ± 0.59 | 4.09 ± 0.51 | 4.12 ± 0.54 | 4.22 ± 0.56 | 4.36 ± 0.68 | < 0.001 |
Calcium, mg/dL | 8.14 ± 0.71 | 7.90 ± 0.61 | 8.12 ± 0.63 | 8.26 ± 0.67 | 8.27 ± 0.84 | < 0.001 |
Glucose, mg/dL | 138.00 ± 51.16 | 127.59 ± 42.91 | 133.44 ± 43.98 | 140.03 ± 52.04 | 150.52 ± 60.61 | < 0.001 |
AG, mmol/L | 14.47 ± 3.90 | 10.20 ± 1.19 | 12.74 ± 0.57 | 15.02 ± 0.77 | 19.75 ± 3.00 | < 0.001 |
PTT, sec | 36.99 ± 16.33 | 33.72 ± 13.08 | 34.65 ± 13.96 | 37.46 ± 18.17 | 41.97 ± 18.07 | < 0.001 |
Urea nitrogen, mg/dL | 35.96 ± 27.05 | 24.63 ± 14.70 | 29.38 ± 18.75 | 36.46 ± 25.90 | 52.91 ± 34.85 | < 0.001 |
Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.57 ± 1.47 | 0.88 ± 0.36 | 1.11 ± 0.67 | 1.49 ± 1.02 | 2.78 ± 2.19 | < 0.001 |
Phosphate, mg/dL | 3.64 ± 1.29 | 3.12 ± 0.77 | 3.31 ± 0.86 | 3.61 ± 0.99 | 4.52 ± 1.77 | < 0.001 |
SOFA | 5.63 ± 4.08 | 4.25 ± 3.27 | 4.56 ± 3.36 | 5.49 ± 3.76 | 8.18 ± 4.55 | < 0.001 |
APS III | 49.56 ± 20.80 | 42.15 ± 15.64 | 43.92 ± 17.41 | 48.98 ± 18.23 | 62.84 ± 24.12 | < 0.001 |
SAPS II | 38.65 ± 14.19 | 33.25 ± 12.05 | 35.39 ± 12.18 | 39.18 ± 12.78 | 46.55 ± 15.65 | < 0.001 |
OASIS | 32.13 ± 8.68 | 30.33 ± 8.21 | 30.72 ± 7.84 | 31.78 ± 7.87 | 35.59 ± 9.65 | < 0.001 |
SIRS | 2.61 ± 0.93 | 2.45 ± 0.94 | 2.58 ± 0.92 | 2.54 ± 0.93 | 2.84 ± 0.90 | < 0.001 |
SBP, mmHg | 119.45 ± 113.16 | 116.53 ± 14.45 | 126.93 ± 225.57 | 118.89 ± 17.27 | 115.53 ± 16.54 | 0.304 |
DBP, mmHg | 64.79 ± 78.82 | 63.10 ± 9.54 | 69.82 ± 156.95 | 63.11 ± 14.02 | 63.20 ± 12.15 | 0.373 |
MBP, mmHg | 76.23 ± 10.79 | 76.28 ± 9.46 | 76.14 ± 10.32 | 76.54 ± 11.72 | 75.95 ± 11.47 | 0.820 |
Length of hospital stay, days | 12.96 ± 14.38 | 10.25 ± 11.28 | 12.12 ± 14.02 | 14.01 ± 15.27 | 15.36 ± 15.94 | < 0.001 |
Length of ICU stay, days | 4.44 ± 5.64 | 3.62 ± 4.73 | 3.78 ± 5.04 | 4.76 ± 6.29 | 5.56 ± 6.11 | < 0.001 |
Hypertension, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
No | 1421 (60.91) | 328 (57.14) | 330 (57.09) | 358 (60.68) | 405 (68.53) | |
Yes | 912 (39.09) | 246 (42.86) | 248 (42.91) | 232 (39.32) | 186 (31.47) | |
Diabetes, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
No | 1639 (70.25) | 441 (76.83) | 409 (70.76) | 396 (67.12) | 393 (66.50) | |
Yes | 694 (29.75) | 133 (23.17) | 169 (29.24) | 194 (32.88) | 198 (33.50) | |
Heart failure, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
No | 1705 (73.08) | 479 (83.45) | 436 (75.43) | 404 (68.47) | 386 (65.31) | |
Yes | 628 (26.92) | 95 (16.55) | 142 (24.57) | 186 (31.53) | 205 (34.69) | |
CKD, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
No | 1817 (77.88) | 507 (88.33) | 468 (80.97) | 425 (72.03) | 417 (70.56) | |
Yes | 516 (22.12) | 67 (11.67) | 110 (19.03) | 165 (27.97) | 174 (29.44) | |
Stroke, n (%) | 0.721 | |||||
No | 2165 (92.80) | 537 (93.55) | 538 (93.08) | 542 (91.86) | 548 (92.72) | |
Yes | 168 (7.20) | 37 (6.45) | 40 (6.92) | 48 (8.14) | 43 (7.28) | |
COPD, n(%) | 0.006 | |||||
No | 2170 (93.01) | 543 (94.60) | 548 (94.81) | 546 (92.54) | 533 (90.19) | |
Yes | 163 (6.99) | 31 (5.40) | 30 (5.19) | 44 (7.46) | 58 (9.81) | |
MV, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
No | 584 (25.03) | 173 (30.14) | 176 (30.45) | 140 (23.73) | 95 (16.07) | |
Yes | 1749 (74.97) | 401 (69.86) | 402 (69.55) | 450 (76.27) | 496 (83.93) | |
Enteral nutrition, n (%) | 0.372 | |||||
No | 2270 (97.30) | 558 (97.21) | 567 (98.10) | 569 (96.44) | 576 (97.46) | |
Yes | 63 (2.70) | 16 (2.79) | 11 (1.90) | 21 (3.56) | 15 (2.54) | |
Proton pump inhibitor, n (%) | 0.050 | |||||
No | 463 (19.80) | 105 (18.30) | 126 (21.80) | 132 (22.40) | 100 (16.90) | |
Yes | 1870 (80.20) | 469 (81.70) | 452 (78.20) | 458 (77.60) | 491 (83.10) | |
Anticoagulant, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
No | 1778 (76.20) | 480 (83.60) | 443 (76.60) | 420 (71.20) | 435 (73.60) | |
Yes | 555 (23.80) | 94 (16.40) | 135 (23.40) | 170 (28.80) | 156 (26.40) | |
Blood transfusion, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
No | 1500 (64.30) | 388 (67.60) | 377 (65.20) | 399 (67.60) | 336 (56.90) | |
Yes | 833 (35.70) | 186 (32.40) | 201 (34.80) | 191 (32.40) | 255 (43.10) | |
Vasopressor drug, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
No | 2104 (90.20) | 543 (94.60) | 543 (93.90) | 541 (91.70) | 477 (80.70) | |
Yes | 229 (9.80) | 31 (5.40) | 35 (6.10) | 49 (8.30) | 114 (19.30) | |
Hospital-mortality, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
No | 1998 (85.64) | 535 (93.21) | 523 (90.48) | 516 (87.46) | 424 (71.74) | |
Yes | 335 (14.36) | 39 (6.79) | 55 (9.52) | 74 (12.54) | 167 (28.26) | |
ICU-mortality, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
No | 2119 (90.83) | 553 (96.34) | 550 (95.16) | 545 (92.37) | 471 (79.70) | |
Yes | 214 (9.17) | 21 (3.66) | 28 (4.84) | 45 (7.63) | 120 (20.30) | |
90-day mortality, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
No | 1686 (72.27) | 480 (83.62) | 450 (77.85) | 429 (72.71) | 327 (55.33) | |
Yes | 647 (27.73) | 94 (16.38) | 128 (22.15) | 161 (27.29) | 264 (44.67) |
