Table 4 List of abbreviations.

From: 1D hydrogen engine modeling to investigate air-fuel ratio, spark timing, and water injection effects on performance and emissions

Abbreviation

Description

1D

One-dimensional

AFR

Air-fuel ratio

BMEP

Brake mean effective pressure

BSFC

Brake specific fuel consumption

BTDC

Before top dead center

CA

Crank angle

CI

Compression-ignition

CO

Carbon monoxide

CO2

Carbon dioxide

DOE

Design of experiments

EGR

Exhaust gas recirculation

EU

European union

FMEP

Friction mean effective pressure

GHG

Greenhouse gas

H2ICE

Hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine

HC

Hydrocarbons

HWR

Hydrogen-to-water ratio

ICE

Internal combustion engine

IMEP

Indicated mean effective pressure

NOx

Nitrogen oxides

PFI

Port fuel injection

PMEP

Pumping mean effective pressure

RPM

Revolutions per minute

SI

Spark-ignition

THC

Total hydrocarbons

TDC

Top dead center