Table 2 The RMSE, MAE, and MAPE between the predicted and practice data (normalized to [0, 1]) of different methods in short-term and long-term periods.
RPS | Time period (s) | Metric | LSTM | BiLSTM | GRU | TCN | Transformer |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | 5 | RMSE | 0.0668 | 0.0723 | 0.0646 | 0.0887 | 0.0829 |
MAE | 0.0509 | 0.0575 | 0.0514 | 0.0696 | 0.0654 | ||
MAPE | 0.2325 | 0.2319 | 0.2218 | 0.2526 | 0.306 | ||
20 | RMSE | 0.0667 | 0.0726 | 0.0655 | 0.0965 | 0.0949 | |
MAE | 0.0516 | 0.0577 | 0.0523 | 0.0715 | 0.0703 | ||
MAPE | 0.2239 | 0.2311 | 0.2333 | 0.2509 | 0.313 | ||
100 | RMSE | 0.0669 | 0.0775 | 0.0672 | 0.105 | 0.1046 | |
MAE | 0.0517 | 0.0616 | 0.0546 | 0.0758 | 0.0975 | ||
MAPE | 0.2235 | 0.2646 | 0.2344 | 0.2739 | 0.319 | ||
10 | 1 | RMSE | 0.0702 | 0.0889 | 0.0653 | 0.0817 | 0.0866 |
MAE | 0.0546 | 0.0703 | 0.0511 | 0.0642 | 0.0681 | ||
MAPE | 0.2111 | 0.3051 | 0.1846 | 0.2525 | 0.2627 | ||
20 | RMSE | 0.0711 | 0.0861 | 0.0644 | 0.0891 | 0.0927 | |
MAE | 0.056 | 0.0685 | 0.0512 | 0.064 | 0.0673 | ||
MAPE | 0.2196 | 0.2962 | 0.1933 | 0.2528 | 0.2699 | ||
100 | RMSE | 0.0717 | 0.0883 | 0.0659 | 0.0952 | 0.961 | |
MAE | 0.0562 | 0.0705 | 0.0524 | 0.0739 | 0.075 | ||
MAPE | 0.2178 | 0.0301 | 0.2039 | 0.2707 | 0.2741 | ||
20 | 0.5 | RMSE | 0.0758 | 0.1238 | 0.0862 | 0.1219 | 0.1207 |
MAE | 0.0606 | 0.1006 | 0.0674 | 0.1004 | 0.0999 | ||
MAPE | 0.2135 | 0.3893 | 0.2337 | 0.3801 | 0.3807 | ||
20 | RMSE | 0.0783 | 0.09 | 0.0803 | 0.0893 | 0.0895 | |
MAE | 0.0661 | 0.0704 | 0.0658 | 0.064 | 0.064 | ||
MAPE | 0.2277 | 0.2753 | 0.2277 | 0.2454 | 0.2466 | ||
100 | RMSE | 0.0782 | 0.101 | 0.079 | 0.1014 | 0.095 | |
MAE | 0.0645 | 0.0718 | 0.0649 | 0.0698 | 0.0677 | ||
MAPE | 0.2229 | 0.251 | 0.221 | 0.2456 | 0.2464 |