Table 2 Hyperparameters and their typical values for CSO and SBOA, utilized to control exploration, convergence, and overall optimization performance.
Algorithm | Hyperparameter | Description | Typical Value/Range |
|---|---|---|---|
CSO | NO_of_Nests | Overall candidate solutions (POPULACE_SIZE) | 15–50 |
|  | DISCOVERY_Rate_of_Alien_Eggs (p.a.) | Probability of finding a bad solution and replacing it | 0.25–0.35 |
|  | MAX_Iterations | MAX_NO_of_Generations | 100–1000 |
|  | SIZE_of_Step (α) | Regulates the scale of random walk (Lévy flight) | 0.01–1 |
SBOA | POPULACE_Size | OVERALL_Search_Agents | 20–50 |
|  | MAX_Iterations | NO_of_OPTZ_Cycles | 100–1000 |
| Â | ESCAPE_Energy (E) | Regulates the behaviour of exploration vs. exploitation | 0 to 1 (adaptive) |
|  | FLIGHT_Angle_Factor (θ) | Governs the variability of the search direction | π/6 to π/3 (radians) |
|  | CONVERGENCE_Coefficient (C) | Adjusts the intensity of dislocation towards prey | 0.5–2 |
