Table 3 Cost (mean and SD) in CAD dollar by characteristics of patients.

Sociodemographic factors

Age

< 0.001

0.004

16–34

582

12,566 (41,043)

431

3,634 (7,638)

35–64

589

22,312 (54,244)

497

5,045 (8,349)

≥ 65

201

29,833 (58,038)

-

-

Sex

0.048

< 0.001

Male

736

20,876 (47,109)

546

3,659 (7,575)

Female

636

17,432 (53,262)

382

5,433 (8,594)

Employment status

< 0.001

Employed

915

16,623 (45,370)

-

-

School

147

10,345 (38,586)

-

-

Retired

188

28,065 (59,696)

-

-

Others

90

35,305 (73,165)

-

-

Living situation

0.025

0.509

Alone

334

23,704 (47,979)

195

4,924 (8,505)

With others

1031

17,824 (50,805)

730

4,265 (7,940)

Education level

< 0.001

0.005

Less than high school

89

38,126 (58,601)

34

4,266 (7,719)

High school and vocational

528

22,545 (56,707)

336

3,927 (8,330)

University

751

14,771 (42,983)

556

4,691 (7,913)

Ethnicity

< 0.001

0.130

Caucasian

706

24,092 (55,363)

458

4,868 (8,347)

Asian

328

10,832 (30,442)

223

3,649 (6,114)

Others

335

17,549 (52,801)

243

4,189 (9,004)

Years lived in Canada

< 0.001

0.050

> 10 years

1176

20,988 (53,237)

803

4,605 (8,323)

≤ 10 years

193

9,074 (20,707)

122

3,077 (5,936)

Psychological and medical factors

Somatic symptoms severity (PHQ-15)

0.299

0.540

< 15

1310

18,616 (49,839)

890

4,431 (8,138)

≥ 15

27

47,634 (116,766)

13

5,116 (7,222)

Pain catastrophizing

0.598

0.578

< 30

1280

17,964 (46,511)

880

4,362 (8,025)

≥ 30

61

38,910 (93,221)

33

5,900 (9,352)

Psychological distress (PHQ-4)

0.081

0.021

< 9

1335

18,757 (48,880)

911

4,266 (7,475)

≥ 9

35

32,494 (73,160)

16

10,209 (23,591)

Health-related quality of life (SF-12)

0.020

< 0.001

< 100

272

28,054 (61,106)

142

8,352 (12,349)

≥ 100

1087

16,678 (45,854)

779

3,659 (6,754)

Pre-injury comorbidities number

< 0.001

< 0.001

0

635

13,091 (34,819)

506

3,424 (6,474)

1

409

19,072 (52,688)

283

4,870 (9,898)

≥ 2

328

31,520 (66,862)

139

6,925 (8,468)

Trauma-related factors 

ED visited

< 0.001

0.786

VGH (Vancouver)

1120

18,548 (50,891)

765

4,129 (7,399)

RCH (New Westminster)

212

24,829 (49,516)

137

5,372 (10,316)

KGH (Kelowna)

40

10,362 (16,655)

26

6,879 (11,794)

Crash time (Season)

< 0.001

0.552

Spring

241

20,884 (59,154)

168

4,550 (9,705)

Summer

258

24,056 (52,462)

169

5,165 (9,164)

Fall

444

19,220 (52,865)

302

4,151 (7,290)

Winter

429

15,588 (38,640)

289

4,092 (7,006)

Road user type

0.001

0.863

Driver

629

16,363 (46,285)

455

4,497 (9,091)

Passenger

203

18,810 (52,679)

125

4,199 (6,821)

Motorcyclist

108

24,163 (47,771)

93

5,150 (8,820)

Pedestrian

265

27,369 (60,460)

132

3,931 (6,079)

Cyclist

167

14,840 (42,000)

123

4,102 (6,227)

ISS

< 0.001

0.012

≤ 3

770

5,952 (14,378)

554

3,644 (6,492)

4–8

220

7,679 (15,424)

151

4,604 (9,818)

9–15

193

28,432 (38,607)

109

6,499 (11,284)

≥ 16

188

78,148 (106,096)

113

5,764 (8,087)

GCS

< 0.001

0.426

3–8

22

134,714 (85,053)

14

2,905 (3,343)

9–13

23

113,279 (150,742)

17

1,441 (2,411)

≥ 14

1233

16,267 (42,087)

820

4,566 (8,288)

Head injury

0.020

0.374

Yes

521

22,678 (60,784)

349

4,791 (8,334)

No

851

17,199 (42,088)

579

4,148 (7,877)

Neck injury

< 0.001

0.503

Yes

517

12,469 (36,118)

370

4,729 (8,014)

No

855

23,394 (56,478)

558

4,164 (8,087)

Torso injury

< 0.001

0.325

Yes

534

31,416 (68,046)

335

4,827 (7,932)

No

838

11,546 (31,678)

593

4,142 (8,117)

Spine/back injury

0.004

0.064

Yes

471

22,564 (64,396)

326

5,133 (8,783)

No

901

17,563 (40,549)

602

3,987 (7,605)

Upper extremity injury

0.173

0.005

Yes

699

19,824 (53,985)

475

5,091 (9,264)

No

673

18,714 (45,674)

453

3,654 (6,477)

Lower extremity injury

< 0.001

0.510

Yes

664

24,497 (60,185)

448

4,532 (7,830)

No

708

14,387 (37,610)

480

4,256 (8,262)