Table 4 Results of multivariable generalized liner model and quantile regression on healthcare costs following road trauma injury (imputed data) (n = 1372).

Age (Ref: 16–34)

35–64

1.47 (1.20, 1.81)^***

402.10 (158.32, 645.87)^***

719.05 (430.32, 1007.77)^***

1085.54 (613.57, 1557.72)^***

1999.60 (767.83, 3231.48)^**

4711.58 (1371.34, 8051.42)^**

≥ 65

1.65 (1.16, 2.37)^*

1780.11 (1296.43, 2263.80)^**

1833.60 (1260.74, 2406.46)^***

1632.06 (695.20, 2568.92)^**

4016.76 (1572.67, 6460.84)^**

16095.48 (9468.06, 22722.90)^***

Employment status (Ref: Employed)

School

0.98 (0.73, 1.34)

−580.63 (−934.89, −226.38)^**

−413.55 (−833.31, 6.20)

−363.51 (−1050.49, 322.58)

−71.39 (−1861.37, 1717.04)

−595.05 (−5449.40, 4257.11)

Retired

1.24 (0.90, 1.73)

−197.03 (−646.22, 252.14)

708.17 (175.89, 1240.66)^**

1176.32 (305.93, 2047.80)^**

2823.55 (554.93, 5092.78)^*

1282.85 (−4871.78, 7436.44)

Others

1.81 (1.29, 2.62)^***

340.68 (−75.07, 759.99)

1088.42 (592.91, 1585.63)^***

1937.94 (1125.86, 2750.84)^***

3580.35 (1462.60, 5697.98)^**

15940.41 (10197.60, 21683.20)^***

Health-related quality of life (SF-12) (Ref: ≥100)

< 100

1.54 (1.23, 1.95)^***

638.38 (368.84, 908.83)^***

858.57 (538.67, 1178.54)^***

1346.95 (822.08, 1869.02)^***

5146.93 (3782.06, 6510.13)^***

9144.72 (5444.24, 12844.74)^***

Pre-injury comorbidities number (Ref: 0)

1

1.10 (0.89, 1.37)

154.51 (−94.79, 404.54)

241.20 (−54.17, 536.17)

303.90 (−180.04, 787.94)

712.36 (−547.46, 1973.68)

1410.47 (−2009.87, 4829.54)

≥ 2

1.72 (1.34, 2.21)^***

539.44 (239.37, 840.36)^***

1017.19 (661.63, 1372.70)^***

2266.41 (1684.67, 2848.30)^***

2521.33 (1004.21, 4037.53)**

13979.76 (9866.95, 18092.98)^***

ISS (Ref: ≤3)

4–8

1.17 (0.92, 1.52)

408.06 (115.83, 701.54)^**

392.09 (45.64, 739.91)^*

647.93 (79.24, 1215.53)^*

1315.78 (−164.11, 2795.41)

974.42 (−3038.11, 4987.05)

9–15

4.15 (3.19, 5.48)^***

1492.56 (1176.99, 1808.99)^***

5332.96 (4958.09, 5707.53)^***

11474.62 (10861.40, 12087.67)^***

21122.60 (19525.34, 22718.59)^***

50668.97 (46338.36, 54998.88)^***

≥ 16

9.23 (6.95, 12.42)^***

6197.67 (5850.99, 6544.70)^***

12400.76 (11989.79, 12811.76)^***

26652.23 (25979.58, 27324.52)^***

70465.51 (68712.32, 72218.61)^***

163533.51 (158779.90, 168287.80)^***

GCS (Ref: ≥14)

9–13

2.20 (1.26, 4.21)^**

−389.32 (−1094.82, 314.96)

−521.82 (−1356.05, 314.48)

6281.23 (4915.89, 7648.01)^***

45479.34 (41918.79, 49040.40)^***

135033.30 (125375.10, 144691.60)^***

3–8

4.50 (2.36, 9.91)^***

55449.28 (54593.70, 56304.86)^***

62912.55 (61898.29, 63926.25)^***

78011.94 (76352.29, 79670.40)^***

114628.59 (110306.01, 118950.70)^***

71528.20 (59805.55, 83250.63) ^***

Torso injury (Ref: No)

Yes

1.20 (1.01, 1.45)^*

197.82 (−30.16, 424.92)

256.80 (49.00, 396.86)

666.24 (225.74, 1107.28)^**

911.69 (−237.74, 2060.93)

1451.97 (−1664.65, 4568.52)