Fig. 2

The study’s framework is structured as follows: (1) Multi-sequence MRI tumor segmentation; (2) Feature extraction and model Construction, where radiomics features were extracted from three-dimensional segmentation images to develop radiomics models. Deep learning networks were constructed using cropped two-dimensional regions of interest (ROIs), from which DL features were extracted. The crucial radiomics features were then fused with DL features to create a combined model; (3) Radiologist evaluation; and (4) Model performance assessment.