Table 3 Discriminant validity assessment using the Heterotrait-Monotrait ratio (HTMT). The table presents the HTMT values between latent constructs to evaluate discriminant validity. Values below the recommended threshold of 0.85 indicate adequate discriminant validity among constructs.

From: Generative AI tool use enhances academic achievement in sustainable education through shared metacognition and cognitive offloading among preservice teachers

Variables

AA

COL

EE

FC

PE

SMC

UB

AA

       

COL

0.672

      

EE

0.554

0.602

     

FC

0.449

0.675

0.492

    

PE

0.510

0.545

0.638

0.562

   

SMC

0.537

0.433

0.709

0.484

0.401

  

UB

0.533

0.451

0.430

0.407

0.435

0.406

 
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