Table 1 Characteristics of the study population and the three distinct loneliness trajectories.

From: Nationwide longitudinal study reveals impact of both national restriction levels and genetic risk factors on loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic

 

Loneliness trajectories

 

All participants

Low loneliness

High loneliness

Pandemic loneliness

n

8042

 

4463

 

1024

 

2555

 

YOB

Before 1950

813

10.10%

(9.5%-10.8%)

520

11.70%

(10.7%-12.6%)

69

6.70%

(5.2%-8.3%)

224

8.80%

(7.7%-9.9%)

1950s

2128

26.50%

(25.5%-27.4%)

1328

29.80%

(28.4%-31.1%)

206

20.10%

(17.7%-22.6%)

594

23.20%

(21.6%-24.9%)

1960s

2337

29.10%

(28.1%-30.1%)

1359

30.50%

(29.1%-31.8%)

224

21.90%

(19.3%-24.4%)

754

29.50%

(27.7%-31.3%)

1970s

1417

17.60%

(16.8%-18.5%)

725

16.20%

(15.2%-17.3%)

205

20.00%

(17.6%-22.5%)

487

19.10%

(17.5%-20.6%)

1980s

807

10.00%

(9.4%-10.7%)

363

8.10%

(7.3%-8.9%)

165

16.10%

(13.9%-18.4%)

279

10.90%

(9.7%-12.1%)

After 1989

540

6.70%

(6.2%-7.3%)

168

3.80%

(3.2%-4.3%)

155

15.10%

(12.9%-17.3%)

217

8.50%

(7.4%-9.6%)

Sex

Male

3825

47.60%

(46.5%-48.7%)

2345

52.50%

(51.1%-54.0%)

373

36.40%

(33.5%-39.4%)

1107

43.30%

(41.4%-45.2%)

Female

4217

52.40%

(51.3%-53.5%)

2118

47.50%

(46.0%-48.9%)

651

63.60%

(60.6%-66.5%)

1448

56.70%

(54.8%-58.6%)

Live alone

Yes

2709

33.70%

(32.7%-34.7%)

1381

30.90%

(29.6%-32.3%)

490

47.90% (44.8%-50.9%)

838

32.80%

(31.0%-34.6%)

No

5333

66.30%

(65.3%-67.3%)

3082

69.10%

(67.7%-70.4%)

534

52.10%

(49.1%-55.2%)

1717

67.20%

(65.4%-69.0%)

Pre-pandemic psychiatric diagnosis

483

6.00%

(3.9%-5.1%)

222

5.00%

(4.3%-5.6%)

112

10.90%

(9.0%-12.8%)

149

5.80%

(4.9%-6.7%)

Pre-pandemic psychotropic medication

381

4.7%

(5.5%-6.5%)

202

4.5%

(3.9%-5.1%)

65

6.3%

(4.9%-7.8%)

114

4.5%

(3.7%-5.3%)

Pre-pandemic employment category

Full time

4854

60.4% (59.3%-61.4%)

2622

58.8% (57.3%-60.2%)

627

61.2% (58.2%-64.2%)

1605

62.8% (60.9%-64.7%)

Part time

652

8.1% (7.5%-8.7%)

366

8.2% (7.4%-9.0%)

75

7.3% (5.7%-8.9%)

211

8.3% (7.2%-9.3%)

Self employed

306

3.8% (3.3%-4.2%)

208

4.7% (4.0%-5.3%)

27

2.6% (1.7%-3.6%)

71

2.8% (2.1%-3.4%)

Student

274

3.4% (3.0%-3.8%)

80

1.8% (1.4%-2.2%)

86

8.4% (6.7%-10.0%)

108

4.2% (3.4%-5.0%)

Unemployed

125

1.6% (1.3%-1.8%)

57

1.3% (0.9%-1.6%)

33

3.2% (2.1%-4.3%)

35

1.4% (0.9%-1.8%)

Retired

1622

20.2% (19.3%-21.0%)

1007

22.6% (21.3%-23.8%)

152

14.8% (12.7%-17.0%)

463

18.1% (16.6%-19.6%)

Other

209

2.6% (2.3%-2.9%)

123

2.8% (2.3%-3.2%)

24

2.3% (1.4%-3.3%)

62

2.4% (1.8%-3.0%)

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