Table 3 Importance of Toffoli Gate.

Security (confusion and diffusion)

Introduces a non-linear, conditional transformation that increases the complexity of bit interactions and enhances avalanche effect

Entropy and randomness

Increases output entropy by reducing bit predictability, leading to statistical randomness

Quantum resistance

Acts as a universal gate in quantum circuits

Avalanche effect

Applies conditional XOR-style logic that contributes to a mean avalanche effect of over 57%

Hardware efficiency

A reversible logic gate that reduces unnecessary power dissipation

Substitution layer enhancement

Used in place of static S-boxes to enable dynamic substitution

Throughput optimization

Reduces total gate count and simplifies operations

Side-channel attack resistance

Introduces unpredictable logic paths, enhancing resilience against attacks