Fig. 1

Confirmed presence records of Spodoptera frugiperda around the globe. Yellow occurrence records represent seasonal FAW populations within the native range. Light blue occurrence records show established FAW populations within its native range. Red occurrence records depict FAW populations within its invasive range. Dark blue occurrence records show the transient FAW populations based on population limits presented by Huang et al.⁶⁵. Lastly, circled dots represent the centroid of a country/region (Angola, Yemen, Chad, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mayotte, Réunion, Seychelles, Somalia, South Sudan), where FAW’s presence is confirmed only by a country centroid. This figure was created with QGIS version 3.36.2 (https://qgis.org/).