Table 4 A comparative analysis of the performance of machine learning models and the human predictive factor (HPF).

From: Machine learning-driven imaging data for early prediction of lung toxicity in breast cancer radiotherapy

Model

Validation accuracy (%)

Test accuracy (%)

Advantage

Disadvantage

Fine Tree

54.1

83.1

Easy to interpret decision rules

Over-learning, limited generalisability

Kernel-based

55.4

81,9

Handling non-linear relationships

Sensitive to outliers

kNN

62

100

Simplicity, efficiency on small data sets

Significant over-learning

HPF

62.81

72

Simple, fast to implement

Lower accuracy than machine learning models