Table 2 Baseline characteristics of A.l patients A.d comparison of patients with A.d without sarcopenia (n = 158) ^a. BMI body mass index; SD standard deviation.

Age (years)

67.3 ± 7.5

65.2 ± 7.4

69.6 ± 6.9

BMI (kg/m²)

25.3 ± 3.8

26.3 ± 3.5

24.2 ± 3.9

Gender

Men

25 (15.8)

10 (12.3)

15 (19.5)

Women

133 (84.2)

71 (87.7)

62 (80.5)

Affected side

Left

70 (44.3)

33 (40.7)

37 (48.1)

Right

88 (55.7)

48 (59.3)

40 (51.9)

Disease duration

< 5 years

64 (40.5)

39 (48.1)

25 (32.5)

5–10 years

26 (16.5)

15 (18.5)

11 (14.3)

≥ 10 years

68 (43.0)

27 (33.3)

41 (53.2)

Occupation

Physical labor

141 (89.2)

72 (88.9)

69 (89.6)

Non-physical labor

17 (10.8)

9 (11.1)

8 (10.4)

Residence

Rural

93 (58.9)

46 (56.8)

47 (61.0)

Urban

65 (41.1)

35 (43.2)

30 (39.0)

Education level

Primary or below

126 (79.7)

61 (75.3)

65 (84.4)

Secondary

26 (16.5)

16 (19.8)

10 (13.0)

College or above

6 (3.8)

4 (4.9)

2 (2.6)

Smoking

15 (9.5)

6 (7.4)

9 (11.7)

Alcohol consumption

17 (10.8)

7 (8.6)

10 (13.0)

Hypertension

61 (40.5)

29 (35.8)

32 (41.6)

Diabetes

22 (13.9)

8 (9.9)

14 (17.3)

Cardiovascular disease

24 (15.2)

11 (13.6)

13 (16.9)

Pulmonary disease

23 (14.6)

10 (12.3)

13 (16.9)

Hemoglobin (g/L)

126.1 ± 14.6

128.7 ± 14.1

123.4 ± 14.7

White blood cell counts (10⁹/L)

6.3 ± 1.7

6.4 ± 1.7

6.2 ± 1.6

Platelet (10⁹/L)

224.4 ± 62.8

226.6 ± 66.7

222.0 ± 58.7

Serum albumin (g/L)

41.1 ± 3.8

41.5 ± 4.0

40.6 ± 3.5

Serum potassium (mmol/L)

4.1 ± 0.4

4.0 ± 0.4

4.1 ± 0.5

Serum sodium (mmol/L)

143.2 ± 2.9

143.1 ± 2.6

143.3 ± 3.2

Serum calcium (mmol/L)

2.3 ± 0.1

2.3 ± 0.1

2.3 ± 0.1