Fig. 5

Effect of electrical conductivity on the CF growth. a Current characteristic with different electrical conductivity (by K1). b Horizontal 1D nD profiles for different K1 at final state. The Y = 0 position is the center of the filament. c 2D maps of distributions of nD at final state. d Calculated 1D profiles of local electric field (E) near the Ta2O5/TaOx interface (Y = 0 and Z = 0 nm). e Temperature (T) along the center of CF (Y = 0, Z = 0–4 nm) at final state.