Fig. 12

demonstrates that exposure to HKE markedly upregulates the expression of the dptA and totA genes. In contrast, treatment with RRM extract at concentrations of 1.25%, 0.625%, and 0.312% significantly suppresses the expression of both genes. These findings suggest that in Dm PGRP-LB∆, RRM extract modulates immune responses, potentially mitigating the detrimental effects of excessive immune activation.