Table 3 Characterisation of ANH and comparison with other reported biomass.

From: Production and characterization of magnetic Biochar derived from pyrolysis of waste areca nut husk for removal of methylene blue dye from wastewater

Analysis

Areca nut husk

Coconut husk 32

Rice husk 33

Sunflower husk 34

Proximate analysis (wt%) on a dry basis

 Moisture content

4.69 ± 0.3

8.9 ± 1.1

8.09 ± 0.06

7.92 ± 0.24

 Ash content

5.86 ± 0.2

4.6 ± 0.8

34.60 ± 0.06

2.96 ± 0.09

 Volatile matter

78.03 ± 0.3

67.8 ± 1.5

52 ± 2

73.2 ± 1.41

 Fixed carbon

11.42 ± 0.1

18.7 ± 1.3

5.27 ± 1.02

18.09 ± 0.2

Ultimate analysis (wt% ) on a dry basis

 Carbon

49

55.08

30.4

43.87

 Hydrogen

5.57

7.98

4.0

6.29

 Nitrogen

0.69

0.22

0.9

1.57

 Sulphur

0.10

0.4

0.2

0.1

 Oxygen

44.74

36.32

21.1

40.5

 O/C

1.49

2.02

1.92

1.44

 H/C

1.21

1.13

1.58

1.13

 Heating value (MJ kg−1)

18.40 ± 0.6

17.36 ± 0.16

17.26 ± 0.01

20.16 ± 0.24

 Bulk density (kg m−3)

280 ± 10

448.07 ± 24.80

105.5 ± 13.2

838 ± 12.4

 Chemical analysis (wt%)

80.57

86

68.95

98.76

 Hemicellulose

15.42

53.29

33.07

53.12

 Cellulose

53.92

10.98

28.6

24.97

 Lignin

11.23

21.73

7.28

20.67

Extractive analysis (wt%)

 Hexane

5.35

9.09

10.8

2.73

 Ethanol

7.21

9.91

12.2

6.54

 Crystallinity index (%)

47.50

–

–

–

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