Table 4 Characterisation of Biochar at temperatures 600 and 800 ℃.

Yield (wt%)

34.12 ± 0.46

18.24 ± 0.12

–

–

Proximate analysis (wt%) on dry basis

 Moisture content

5.11 ± 0.25

4.47 ± 0.08

9.60 ± 0.42

12.52 ± 0.46

 Ash content

27.23 ± 2.32

22.25 ± 0.52

9.96 ± 0.45

10.73 ± 0.26

 Volatile matter

25.01 ± 0.21

28.04 ± 0.43

20.11 ± 1.3

17.07 ± 0.21

 Fixed carbon

42.65

45.24

59.61

60.71

Ultimate analysis (wt% ) on dry basis

 Carbon

59.12

62.93

67.15

68.66

 Hydrogen

1.542

1.474

2.039

1.810

 Nitrogen

1.213

1.21

1.182

1.293

 Sulphur

–

–

–

–

 Oxygen

38.31

35.18

29.11

28.73

 High Heating Value (MJ kg^− 1)

32.62 ± 1.1

33.02 ± 0.98

33.14 ± 1.2

34.30 ± 1.56

 Bulk Density (kg m^− 3)

111.17 ± 0.547

138.935 ± 7.508

85.495 ± 3.018

97.90 ± 3.373

 BET Surface Area S_BET (m²/g)

99.10

112

140

205

 pH

10.14

10.74

6.46

6.67

 Water holding capacity

25.4

26.9

26.12

26.98