Fig. 2

Serum concentrations of (A) IgG, (B) IgE, (C) mMCP-1, (D) histamine, (E) IL-6, and (F) TNF-α were quantified by ELISA across all experimental groups. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 9 per group). Relative mRNA expression levels of (G) IL-6, (H) TNF-α, (I) IFN-γ, and (J) T-bet in jejunal tissues were assessed by qPCR (n = 4–6 per group). Statistical significance is denoted as *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001. mMCP-1, mouse mast cell protease-1; IL, interleukin; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; T-bet, T-box transcription factor; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; qPCR, quantitative polymerase chain reaction.