Fig. 2

Representation of total ASV richness across sites and groups: Birds (Passeriformes, Anseriformes, Galliformes, Apodiformes, Columbiformes, Charadriiformes, Podicipediformes, Accipitriformes, Pelecaniformes, Psittaciformes, Suliformes, Piciformes, Gruiformes, Strigiformes, undefined), Mammals (Chiroptera, Artiodactyla, Carnivora, Perissodactyla, Eulipotyphla, Rodentia, Lagomorpha, Primates, undefined), Other vertebrates (fish, amphibian, undefined), Arthropods (Insecta, Arachnida, Chilopoda, Collembola, Diplopoda, Copepoda, Branchiopoda, Malacostraca, Ostracoda, Thecostraca, Entognatha, undefined), Other invertebrates (Rotifera, Annelida, Nematoda, Bryozoa, Tardigrada, Echinodermata), Protists (Alveolata, Cryptista), Fungi (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, Mucoromycota, undefined), Plants (Anthophyta, Coniferophyta, Tracheophyte, Bryophyta, Chlorophyta, Marchantiophyta, undefined), and Not in the UK (bird, fish, mammal, Insecta). The 13 non-UK taxa (15 ASVs) likely originated from: (1) DNA contamination from the laboratory where the species are commonly handled (Tachycineata bicolor, Trachops cirrhosus, Molossus, Melanoplus), (2) lack of taxonomic resolution as similar UK species were also identified (Alauda gulgula, Lepus californicus, Pipistrellus abramus, Garrulus lidthi, Chroicocephalus maculipennis, Barbatula toni, Apodemus hermonensis, Acrocephalus orientalis). The source origin of Barbadocladius is unclear.