Fig. 5

Characterization of changes in CESI and analysis of hot and cold spots. Software version: ArcMap 10.8, URL: https://www.esri.com/zh-cn/arcgis/products/index. This map is produced based on the standard map with the review number GS(2024)0650, downloaded from the National Geographic Information Public Service Platform (website: https://www.tianditu.gov.cn/), and the base map has not been modified.