Table 3 Drivers of the ESs and CESI.

Natural factors

Elevation

DEM

X1

m

30 m

continuous

Slope

SLOPE

X2

°

30 m

continuous

Distance from the water system

WD

X3

–

1 km

categorical

Normalized differential vegetation index

NDVI

X4

–

1 km

categorical

Climatic factors

Precipitation

PRE

X5

mm

1000 m

continuous

Temperatures

TEM

X6

℃

1000 m

continuous

Evapotranspiration

PET

X7

mm

1000 m

continuous

Soil composition

Soil sand content

SAND

X8

%

1 km

continuous

Soil silt content

SILT

X9

%

1 km

continuous

Soil clay content

CLAY

X10

%

1 km

continuous

Socio-economic factors

land use degree comprehensive index

LUDCI

X11

–

30 m

continuous

Gross Domestic Product

GDP

X12

10³ km⁻²

1 km

continuous

Population density

POP

X13

Pearson km⁻²

1 km

continuous

Night Lights

NL

X14

–

1 km

continuous