Table 1 Characteristics of mood and anxiety disorder studies included in the activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis.
Author(s) | Sample | Psychiatric disorder(s) | Diagnostic measurement | Comorbidities | Implicit emotion regulation study characteristics |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wang et al., 2021 | 26 patients, 25 controls | Panic disorder | DSM-5 | Generalised anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, depressive disorder | PD and healthy control participants view negative images preceded by either a negative or non-negative description. Neural activation is observed during the presentation of negative images comparatively between the two (preceding negative and non-negative description) conditions. |
Thomaes et al., 2012 | 29 patients, 22 controls | Post-traumatic stress disorder | The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I disorders, the Structured Clinical Interview for Disorders of Extreme Stress Not Otherwise Specified & the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale | Anxiety-disorders, depressive disorders, personality disorders | Implicit emotional conflict regulation in PTSD and healthy control participants. On high emotional conflict (i.e., incongruent [I]) trials, participants must respond to the colour of negative and trauma-related affect labels, irrespective of the affect label which are ‘task-irrelevant’. |
Yu et al., 2015 | 19 patients, 19 controls | Generalised anxiety disorder | DSM-IV | n/a | Response inhibition in GAD and healthy controls towards negative stimuli. Participants respond to the biological sex of faces (Go/No-Go) irrespective of sad emotional facial expressions, which are ‘task-irrelevant’. |
Etkin & Schatzberg, 2011 | 57 patients, 32 controls | Generalised anxiety disorder & major depressive disorder | Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview | Comorbid generalised anxiety disorder & major depressive disorder | Implicit emotional conflict regulation in MDD, GAD, and healthy control participants. Participants must categorise emotional facial expressions, irrespective of overlaid (‘fear’ and ‘happy’) affect labels which are ‘task-irrelevant’. |
Heitmann et al., 2017 | 24 patients, 24 controls | Generalised social anxiety disorder | Structured Clinical interview for DSM-IV | Major depressive disorder, specific phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, general anxiety disorder | SAD and healthy control participants respond to a bar orientation task, irrespective of disorder-related (e.g., giving speech, discussion scene, job interview) scenes. |
Palm et al., 2011 | 15 patients, 16 controls | Generalised anxiety disorder | Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Disorders | Social phobia, specific phobia, panic attacks | GAD and healthy control participants are presented with anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness emotional facial expressions and must identify the biological sex of the face. |
Bürger et al., 2017 | 72 patients, 36 controls | Unipolar depression & bipolar disorder | The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders | Panic disorder, agoraphobia, generalised anxiety disorder, social phobia, specific phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, somatoform disorder, eating disorder, dysthymia, alcohol abuse, substance abuse | MDD, BD and healthy control participants must recognise and match facial stimuli, irrespective of angry, fearful, and happy facial expressions, that are ‘task-irrelevant’. |
Arnone et al., 2012 | 38 patients, 54 controls | Major depressive disorder | Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders | n/a | MDD and healthy control participants identify the biological sex of sad, fearful, and happy emotional facial expressions, irrespective of the emotional content which is ‘task-irrelevant’. |
Klumpp et al., 2013 | 29 patients, 27 controls | Generalised social anxiety disorder | Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV | n/a | gSAD and healthy control participants match geometric shapes and angry, fearful and happy emotional faces. |
Gaebler et al., 2013 | 21 patients, 21 controls | Social anxiety disorder | Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders | Major depression, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, dysthymia | SAD and healthy control participants match geometric shapes and faces with the presentation of angry and fearful emotional faces, which are ‘task irrelevant’. |
Cerullo et al., 2014 | 50 patients, 25 controls | Major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder | Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders | Panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, generalised anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social anxiety disorder, substance use | MDD, BP-I, and healthy control participants complete an attentional performance task by responding to circles with the inclusion of distractor unpleasant emotional scenes. |
Kraus et al., 2018 | 14 patients, 12 controls | Social anxiety disorder | Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Disorders | Obsessive-compulsive disorder, specific phobia | SAD and healthy control participants view fearful emotional facial expressions and respond to the biological sex. |
Blair et al., 2011 | 25 patients, 23 controls | Social anxiety disorder | Structured Clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders | n/a | SAD and healthy control participants identify the biological sex of morphing fearful, angry, and happy emotional facial expressions across various intensities. |
Schwarzmeier et al., 2019 | 10 patients, 10 controls | Panic disorder | DSM-IV-TR | Unipolar depression, anxiety disorders | PD and healthy control participants complete an agoraphobia symptom provocation task in which biological male facial stimuli are presented with an aversive panic scream. |
Mazza et al., 2012 | 10 patients, 10 controls | Post-traumatic stress disorder | Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-IV criteria | n/a | PTSD and healthy control participants are presented with happy and sad emotional facial expressions that are followed by ideographs, which must be judged on pleasantness. |
Korgaonkar et al., 2021 | 22 patients, 33 controls | Panic disorder | Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview using DSM-IV criteria | Generalised anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social phobia, agoraphobia | Implicit processing of sad, fear, anger, disgust, and happy emotional facial expressions in PD and healthy control participants. |
Blair et al., 2012 | 50 patients, 18 controls | Generalized anxiety disorder & generalised social phobia | Structural Clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders | Comorbid generalised anxiety disorder & generalised social phobia | Emotional attention regulation in GAD, SAD, and healthy control participants. Participants are required to complete a number matching task irrespective of the presentation of positive and negative images that are ‘task-irrelevant’. |
Neumeister et al., 2018 | 60 patients, 60 controls | Panic disorder, generalised anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder | Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV | Depressive disorder, specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, eating disorder, somatoform disorder | Comparing the implicit processing of fearful facial stimuli between PD, GAD, PTSD, and healthy control participants. |
Mitterschiffthaler et al., 2008 | 17 patients, 17 controls | Major depressive disorder | Structured Clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders | n/a | MDD and healthy control participants are presented with negative words in red, blue, green, or yellow and must respond to the colour of the negative words. |
Ruhé et al., 2011 | 22 patients, 22 controls | Major depressive disorder | Structured Clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders | Anxiety disorders, substance use | MDD and healthy control participants are presented with fearful, angry, and happy emotional facial stimuli. Participants must make judgements based on the biological sex of the faces. |
Frodl et al., 2009 | 12 patients, 12 controls | Major depressive disorder | DSM-IV | n/a | MDD and healthy control participants are presented with a trio of sad and angry faces. Participants must match the biological sex of faces with a target face. |
Kaldewaij et al., 2019 | 18 patients, 17 controls | Panic disorder with/without agoraphobia | Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders | Agoraphobia, specific phobia | PD and healthy control participants identify the biological sex of morphing fearful and happy emotional facial expressions across various intensities irrespective of the emotional content. |
Feldker et al., 2018 | 26 patients, 26 controls | Panic disorder with/without agoraphobia | Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders | Agoraphobia, depression, comorbid generalised anxiety disorder, somatic symptom disorder, social phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bulimia nervosa | PD and healthy control participants respond to a bar orientation task, irrespective of panic-related (e.g., chest pain, hyperventilation, crowded areas) scenes. |
Chechko et al., 2013 | 18 patients, 18 controls | Major depressive disorder | DSM-IV Structured Clinical Interview | n/a | Implicit emotional conflict regulation in MDD and healthy control participants. On high emotional conflict (incongruent [I]) trials, participants must respond to the emotional facial expression irrespective of the overlaid affect labels which are ‘task-irrelevant’. |
