Table 4 Difference-in-difference results for dental visits: stratification by veteran status, age group and foreign-born status, MEPS 2012–2016.

From: Medicaid expansion, dental visits and expenditures in veterans, older adults, and the foreign-born

 

Veterans**

Older adults ≥ 65 yrs.**

Foreign-born**

Variables

OR#

95% CI$

OR#

95% CI$

OR#

95% CI$

DiD

0.97

0.76, 1.23

1.04

0.90, 1.21

1.17*

1.05, 1.32

Medicaid expansion

 Not adopted

Ref

     

 Adopted

1.14

0.88, 1.47

1.03

0.86, 1.24

0.89

0.71, 1.13

Sex

 Male

Ref

     

 Female

1.27

0.96, 1.69

1.25*

1.11, 1.41

1.47*

1.36, 1.59

Age

 Age 18–64

Ref

     

 ≥ 65 years

2.10*

1.72, 2.56

-

-

1.66*

1.43, 1.93

Race and ethnicity

 Hispanic

Ref

     

 White (non-Hispanic)

1.25

0.92, 1.71

1.84*

1.48, 2.29

1.96*

1.61, 2.38

 Black (non-Hispanic)

0.87

0.61, 1.25

0.74*

0.58, 0.94

1.01

0.84, 1.21

 Asian (non-Hispanic)

1.28

0.76, 2.16

0.95

0.72, 1.24

1.16*

1.02, 1.32

Educational level

 Less than high school

Ref

     

 High school

2.96*

1.78, 4.94

1.70*

1.43, 2.02

1.24*

1.09, 1.42

 More than high school

5.42*

3.31, 8.88

3.52*

2.91, 4.25

1.79*

1.58, 2.02

Family income as % of poverty line

 Poor (100% < )

Ref

     

 Near poor (100–199%)

0.72

0.51, 1.03

0.99

0.79, 1.26

1.14

0.97, 1.33

 Nonpoor (> 200%)

1.25

0.92, 1.69

1.61*

1.30, 1.99

1.61*

1.40, 1.85

Region of residency

 Northeast

Ref

     

 Midwest

1.08

0.80, 1.46

0.98

0.84, 1.15

1.10

0.90, 1.35

 South

0.98

0.68, 1.41

0.75*

0.63, 0.89

0.75

0.57, 0.96

 West

1.27

0.92, 1.75

1.07

0.92, 1.26

1.01

0.84, 1.21

Marital status

 Married

Ref

     

 Unmarried (separated, widowed, divorced)

0.67*

0.54, 0.83

0.75*

0.66, 0.85

1.10

0.97, 1.26

 Never married

0.61*

0.44 0.84

1.07

0.64, 1.15

0.93

0.83, 1.05

Veteran status

 Nonveteran

Ref

     

 Veteran

-

-

0.90

0.77, 1.06

1.52*

1.08, 2.14

Nativity status

 U.S.-born

Ref

     

 Foreign-born

1.12

0.76, 1.64

0.88

0.70, 1.11

-

-

Dentate status

 Nondentate

Ref

     

 Dentate

4.74*

3.50, 6.44

5.96*

4.93, 7.20

3.07*

2.33, 4.05

Dental insurance status

 Has dental insurance

Ref

     

 No dental insurance

0.71*

0.60, 0.83

0.57*

0.49, 0.66

0.49*

0.43, 0.55

  1. Ref stands for reference category that is being compared.
  2. *Statistically significant odds ratios are set at P < .05. # OR: Odds ratios. $ CI: Confidence interval at the 95% level. ** These stratified models were adjusted for demographics (age, race/ethnicity, and marital status), socioeconomic level (education and poverty levels), region of residency, veteran, nativity, dentate and dental insurance status.
Back to article page