Table 3 Gender differences in the association between visual, hearing, and dual sensory impairments and depression.

From: Gender differences in the relationship between hearing and visual impairments, dual sensory impairment, and depression in middle-aged and elderly populations

 

Normal

HL

VI

DSI

HR (CI95%)

P

HR (CI95%)

P

HR (CI95%)

P

HR (CI95%)

P

Female

 Model1

1.00

NA

1.095(0.903–1.327)

0.352

1.266(1.117–1.453)

 < 0.001

1.597(1.424–1.791)

 < 0.001

 Model2

1.00

NA

1.093(0.901–1.325)

0.365

1.264(1.115–1.433)

 < 0.001

1.593(1.419–1.788)

 < 0.001

 Model3

1.00

NA

1.073(0.885–1.301)

0.470

1.266(1.116–1.435)

 < 0.001

1.550(1.381–1.740)

 < 0.001

 Model4

1.00

NA

0.962(0.793–1.168)

0.701

1.155(1.017–1.311)

0.025

1.267(1.123–1.429)

 < 0.001

Male

 Model1

1.00

NA

1.276(1.051–1.548)

0.013

1.211(1.050–1.397)

0.008

1.741(1.535–1.974)

 < 0.001

 Model2

1.00

NA

1.238(1.019–1.502)

0.031

1.206(1.046–1.391)

0.010

1.681(1.481–1.907)

 < 0.001

 Model3

1.00

NA

1.206(0.994–1.465)

0.057

1.204(1.044–1.389)

0.010

1.600(1.409–1.817)

 < 0.001

 Model4

1.00

NA

1.072 (0.880–1.305)

0.485

1.092(0.946–1.262)

0.227

1.291(1.131–1.473)

 < 0.001

  1. Model 1 Unadjusted.
  2. Model 2 Adjusted for demographic variable: age.
  3. Model 3 Adjusted for socioeconomic variables based on Model 2: education level, marital status, residence.
  4. Model 4 Adjusted for personal health status variables based on Model 3: sleep, social activity participation, cognitive ability, activities of daily living, hospitalization status, number of chronic diseases, pain status.
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