Table 1 The baseline demographics characteristics + clinical variables of study subjects.

Hospital name

0.819^*

Hospital A

71 (48.6)

75 (51.4)

Hospital B

70 (47.3)

78 (52.7)

Gender

0.136^*

 Male

74 (52.5)

67 (47.5)

 Female

67 (43.8)

86 (56.2)

Ethnicity

0.400^*

 Malay

104 (46.0)

122 (54.0)

 Chinese

25 (52.1)

23 (47.9)

 Indian

12 (60.0)

8 (40.0)

Age (mean, SD)

< 0.001^#

 -

58.68 ± 6.08

N = 141

61.63 ± 6.17

N = 153

Duration of diabetes (years, SD)

0.032^#

 -

9.62 ± 2.35

10.24 ± 3.23

Disease outcomes

 HbA1c (%)

11.15 ± 1.33

11.68 ± 1.50

0.061

 FBS (mmol/L)

14.63 ± 1.38

14.44 ± 1.53

0.265

Residence status

0.438^*

 Urban

66 (46.2)

77 (53.8)

 Rural

75 (49.7)

76 (50.3)

Employment status

0.587^*

 Unemployed

67 (46.2)

77 (53.8)

 Employed

74 (49.0)

76 (51.0)

Type of daily diet

0.328*

 Vegetarian

79 (50.6)

77 (49.4)

 Non-vegetarian

62 (44.9)

76 (55.1)

Smoking status

0.635*

 Yes

26 (51.0)

25 (49.0)

 No

115 (47.3)

128 (52.7)

Exercise status

0.178*

 Yes

41 (54.7)

34 (45.3)

 No

100 (45.7)

119 (54.3)

Type of anti-diabetic therapy

0.882*

 Oral only

82 (48.8)

86 (51.2)

 Insulin

44 (47.8)

48 (52.2)

 Oral + insulin

15 (44.1)

19 (55.9)