Table 3 Comparison of neuropsychometric features between groups.

From: The relationship between paracingulate sulcus length and visual hallucinations in Parkinson’s disease suggests a neurobiological predisposition

 

PDVH Mean (SD)

PDVH 95% CI

PDnonVH Mean (SD)

PDnonVH 95% CI

95% CI of Difference

t-value

p-value

Adjusted p-value (FDR)

Phonemic Fluency

15.28 (7.75)

[12.08, 18.48]

16.38 (12.06)

[11.80, 20.96]

[−4.377, 6.575]

0.4

0.688

0.688

Semantic Fluency

11.38 (4.78)

[9.66, 13.10]

12.73 (4.38)

[11.17, 14.29]

[−0.923, 3.627]

1.19

0.239

0.478

VMPT Free Recall

3.97 (3.66)

[2.65, 5.29]

5.64 (4.22)

[4.14, 7.14]

[−0.289, 3.624]

1.7

0.094

0.094

VMPT Recognition

6.50 (3.36)

[5.29, 7.71]

4.52 (3.09)

[3.42, 5.62]

[−3.587, 0.382]

−2.48

0.016

0.032*a

WMS Visual Immediate

3.25 (2.65)

[2.22, 4.28]

5.61 (3.54)

[4.28, 6.94]

[0.720, 4.006]

2.88

0.006

0.012*

WMS Visual Delayed

2.71 (2.55)

[1.72, 3.70]

4.58 (4.26)

[3.03, 6.13]

[0.051, 3.682]

2.07

0.044

0.044*

Stroop Interference

79.61 (39.31)

[60.05, 99.17]

83.45 (56.01)

[58.62, 108.28]

[−27.841, 35.528]

0.25

0.807

0.807

Stroop Errors

14.44 (16.32)

[6.32, 22.56]

10.14 (15.89)

[2.36, 17.92]

[−14.656, 6.040]

−0.84

0.405

0.81

Benton Face Recognition

30.41 (12.61)

[25.58, 35.24]

33.64 (11.21)

[29.66, 37.62]

[−2.827, 9.272]

1.07

0.291

-

Clock Drawing Test

2.62 (1.99)

[1.86, 3.38]

2.32 (1.54)

[1.74, 2.90]

[−1.213, 0.617]

−0.65

0.517

-

  1. Note: PDVH = Parkinson’s Disease with Visual Hallucinations; PDnonVH = Parkinson’s Disease without Visual Hallucinations; VMPT = Oktem Verbal Memory Processes Test; WMS = Wechsler Memory Scale. Values are presented as mean (standard deviation) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each group. t-values and p-values are based on independent samples t-tests (equal variances assumed unless Levene’s test indicated otherwise). Adjusted p-values were calculated using the Benjamini-Hochberg method for test pairs derived from the same instrument (Phonemic and Semantic Fluency; VMPT; WMS; Stroop) to control the false discovery rate; other tests report unadjusted p-values. Statistically significant adjusted p-values (p <.05) are indicated with an asterisk (*). a Although recognition scores appear higher in the PDVH group, this difference is likely related to the scoring structure of the VMPT. The recognition phase is administered only for items not freely recalled. Therefore, higher recognition scores may reflect poorer free recall rather than superior memory function, as the total memory score (max = 15) combines both free recall and recognition performance.
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